Anionic Dye Removal Using a Date Palm Seed-Derived Activated Carbon/Chitosan Polymer Microbead Biocomposite.

The discharge of textile wastewater into aquatic streams is considered a major challenge due to its effect on the water ecosystem. Direct blue 78 (DB78) dye has a complex structure. Therefore, it is difficult to separate it from industrial wastewater. In this study, carbon obtained from the pyrolysis of mixed palm seeds under different temperatures (400 °C and 1000 °C) was activated by a thermochemical method by using microwave radiation and an HCl solution in order to improve its adsorption characteristics. The generated activated carbon was used to synthesize a novel activated carbon/chitosan microbead (ACMB) for dye removal from textile wastewater. The obtained activated carbon (AC) was characterized by a physicochemical analysis that included, namely, particle size, zeta potential, SEM, EDX, and FTIR analyses. A series of batch experiments were conducted in terms of the ACMB dose, contact time, pH, and activated carbon/chitosan ratios in synthetic microbeads for enhancing the adsorption capacity. A remarkable improvement in the surface roughness was observed using SEM analysis. The particle surface was transformed from a slick surface with a minor-pore structure to a rough surface with major-pore structure. The zeta potential analysis indicated a higher improvement in the carbon surface charge, from -35 mv (before activation) to +20 mv (after activation). The adsorption tests showed that the dye-removal efficiency increased with the increasing adsorbent concentration. The maximum removal efficiencies were 97.8% and 98.4% using 3 and 4 g/L of AC