ArticlePharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)2022
Inflammatory Biomarkers of Traumatic Brain Injury.
Article in Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers.
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Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systemic and cerebro-cardiac biomarkers following traumatic brain injury: an interim analysis of randomized controlled clinical trial of early administration of beta blockers.Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase activation is associated with suppression of NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated neuroinflammation in a weight-drop model of traumatic brain injury in Sprague-Dawley rats.Animal models and experimental medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- Inflammatory Biomarkers Following Orthopedic Surgery: Current Evidence, Clinical Applications, and Future Perspectives-A Narrative Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Multi-dimensional plasma proteomic profiling elucidates molecular mechanisms and pathophysiological networks in pediatric severe traumatic brain injury.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2026Article
- Do Serum Brain Biomarkers Differentiate the Hemorrhagic Head Injury Lesion Phenotypes? An Interim Analysis of an On-Going Randomized Clinical Trial.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- The Dynamics of Neuroinflammation in Traumatic Brain Injury: Molecular Markers Useful for Establishing the Post-Traumatic Interval in Forensic Practice.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Correlation of Routine Admission Inflammatory Biomarkers with Individual Traumatic Brain Lesion Types in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Upregulation of interleukin-1β and interleukin-18 in traumatic brain injury patients and their potential as biomarkers.PloS one · 2026Article
- Cytokines and related signaling pathways in traumatic brain injury.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Feasibility Study on Inflammasome Proteins as Biomarkers in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Pediatric Patients with Hydrocephalus Due to Intraventricular Hemorrhage.Biomolecules · 2025Article
- Article
- TNF-α in traumatic brain injury: a bidirectional effect in regulating neuroimmune and inflammatory responses.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2025Review
- PACAP a mediator of inflammation following trauma exposure and mild traumatic brain injury: Differential effects in males and females.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2025Article
- Elevation of C-reactive protein and homocysteine levels as reliable biomarkers for assessing injury severity and prognosis in traumatic brain injury.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Neurons as Immunomodulators: From Rapid Neural Activity to Prolonged Regulation of Cytokines and Microglia.Annual review of biomedical engineering · 2025Review
- Acute Neurovascular Inflammatory Profile in Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.Biomolecules · 2025Article
- β2 integrin regulates neutrophil trans endothelial migration following traumatic brain injury.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2025Article
- Olfactory mucosa-mesenchymal stem cells with overexpressed Nrf2 modulate angiogenesis and exert anti-inflammation effect in an in vitro traumatic brain injury model.European journal of medical research · 2025Article
- Lung-Brain Axis-Generated Inflammatory Biomarkers in Traumatic Brain Injury and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Role of Mechanical Ventilation/Stress.Advances in biomarker sciences and technology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has a complex pathology in which the initial injury releases damage associated proteins that exacerbate the neuroinflammatory response during the chronic secondary injury period. One of the major pathological players in the inflammatory response after TBI is the inflammasome. Increased levels of inflammasome proteins during the acute phase after TBI are associated with worse functional outcomes. Previous studies reveal that the level of inflammasome proteins in biological fluids may be used as promising new biomarkers for the determination of TBI functional outcomes. In this study, we provide further evidence that inflammatory cytokines and inflammasome proteins in serum may be used to determine injury severity and predict pathological outcomes. In this study, we analyzed blood serum from TBI patients and respective controls utilizing Simple Plex inflammasome and V-PLEX inflammatory cytokine assays. We performed statistical analyses to determine which proteins were significantly elevated in TBI individuals. The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) were determined to obtain the area under the curve (AUC) to establish the potential fit as a biomarker. Potential biomarkers were then compared to documented patient Glasgow coma scale scores via a correlation matrix and a multivariate linear regression to determine how respective biomarkers are related to the injury severity and pathological outcome. Inflammasome proteins and inflammatory cytokines were elevated after TBI, and the apoptosis-associated speck like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC), interleukin (IL)-18, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-4 and IL-6 were the most reliable biomarkers. Additionally, levels of these proteins were correlated with known clinical indicators of pathological outcome, such as the Glasgow coma scale (GCS). Our results show that inflammatory cytokines and inflammasome proteins are promising biomarkers for determining pathological outcomes after TBI. Additionally, levels of biomarkers could potentially be utilized to determine a patient's injury severity and subsequent pathological outcome. These findings show that inflammation-associated proteins in the blood are reliable biomarkers of injury severity that can also be used to assess the functional outcomes of TBI patients.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.