SynthesisInternational journal of molecular sciences2022
Cytokines and Venous Leg Ulcer Healing-A Systematic Review.
Synthesis in International journal of molecular sciences, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06109844 (FORCEREPAIR - A Wound Exudate Investigation), which is not on this map. Cited by 20 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
FORCEREPAIR - A Wound Exudate Investigation
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mechanism and clinical application of ozone therapy in treating skin ulcer diseases.Medical gas research · 2026Pooled it
- Independent Prognostic Factors for Predicting Wound Healing in People With Venous Leg Ulcers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair SocietyPooled it
- Stimuli-Responsive Nanomaterial-Based Biosensor Structures for Wound Care: pH, ROS, and Temperature Sensing Strategies.Micromachines · 2026Review
- Immunomodulatory Mechanisms of Chronic Wound Healing: Translational and Clinical Relevance.MedComm · 2025Review
- Major Common Hallmarks and Potential Epigenetic Drivers of Wound Chronicity and Recurrence: Hypothesis and Reflections.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- The Association of Systemic Inflammation, Wound Bioburden and Total Bacterial Counts With Healing Outcomes in Older Adults With Chronic Venous Leg Ulcers.International wound journal · 2025Article
- Probiotics in Nanotechnology-Driven Wound Healing: From Mechanistic Insight to Clinical Promise.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Clinical Efficacy of Ovine Forestomach Matrix and Collagen/Oxidised Regenerated Cellulose for the Treatment of Venous Leg Ulcers: A Retrospective Comparative Real-World Evidence Study.International wound journal · 2025Article
- Elevation of Plasma IL-15 and RANTES as Potential Biomarkers of Healing in Chronic Venous Ulcerations: A Pilot Study.Biomolecules · 2025Article
- Biosensors integrated within wearable devices for monitoring chronic wound status.APL bioengineering · 2025Article
- Unfolded protein responses: Dynamic machinery in wound healing.Pharmacology & therapeutics · 2025Review
- Sleep, Fatigue, and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Older Adults with Chronic Venous Leg Ulcers Receiving Intensive Outpatient Wound Care.Advances in wound care · 2024Article
- Harnessing the Interactions of Wound Exudate Cells with Dressings Biomaterials for the Control and Prognosis of Healing Pathways.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Article
- The effects of injectable platelet-rich fibrin application on wound healing following gingivectomy and gingivoplasty operations: single-blind, randomized controlled, prospective clinical study.Clinical oral investigations · 2024Article
- The Antioxidant and Immunomodulatory Potential ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- ZnMaterials today. Bio · 2023Article
- A case of multiple hepatocellular carcinoma experiencing complete responses to sorafenib and atezolizumab-bevacizumab and developing severe, refractory venous congestive cutaneous ulcers on either regimen.Clinical journal of gastroenterology · 2023Article
- Article
- A simplified method for monitoring cytokines in wound fluid.Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Venous leg ulcers (VLUs) are the most common type of leg ulcers with a significant socioeconomic burden due to slow healing. Cytokines may be involved in the pathogenesis of VLUs. In this systematic review, our objective was to investigate the association between cytokine levels, including growth factors, with the healing of VLUs. PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Library were searched from their inception to August 2021. We retrieved 28 articles investigating 38 different cytokines in 790 patients. Cytokines were most commonly investigated in wound fluid and less frequently in biopsies and serum. The studies were judged as having a moderate to high risk of bias, and the results were often inconsistent and sometimes conflicting. A meta-analysis was not performed due to clinical and methodological heterogeneities. We found weak evidence for elevated IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and VEGF levels in non-healing VLUs, an elevation that declined with healing. TGF-β1 levels tended to increase with VLU healing. Other cytokines warranting further investigations include EGF, FGF-2, GM-CSF, IL-1β, IL-1Ra and PDGF-AA/PDGF-BB. We conclude that non-healing VLUs may be associated with an elevation of a palette of pro-inflammatory cytokines, possibly reflecting activated innate immunity in these wounds. There is a paucity of reliable longitudinal studies monitoring the dynamic changes in cytokine levels during wound healing.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.