ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2022
Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in Spain during the First Two Years of the Pandemic: Circulating Variants, Amino Acid Conservation, and Genetic Variability in Structural, Non-Structural, and Accessory Proteins.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Immunoassay Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Using Monoclonal Antibody Binding to Viral Nucleocapsid Protein.Microbial biotechnology · 2025Article
- KLRB1 expression in nasopharyngeal mucosa as a prognostic biomarker in COVID-19 patients.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- EpiMolBio: A novel user-friendly bioinformatic program for genetic variability analysis.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2025Article
- Development and characterization of high-affinity aptamers for HIV protease detection.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Clinical phenotyping uncovers heterogeneous associations between corticosteroid treatment and survival in critically ill COVID-19 patients.Intensive care medicine · 2024Article
- Immunoglobulins in COVID-19 pneumonia: from the acute phase to the recovery phase.European journal of medical research · 2024Article
- Pituitary-Adrenal Axis and Peripheral Immune Cell Profile in Long COVID.Biomedicines · 2024Article
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- The molecular epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in the Pityusic Islands shows multiple introductions and fast replacements of variants in a touristic worldwide hot spot.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Accelerated T-Cell Immunosenescence in Cytomegalovirus-Seropositive Individuals After Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Differences of Disabling Symptoms between Previously Hospitalized or Non-Hospitalized Currently Working Long-COVID Survivors One Year after Infection: A Descriptive Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Article
- Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody titers in breastmilk from convalescent and vaccinated mothers.iScience · 2023Article
- Global landscape of SARS-CoV-2 mutations and conserved regions.Journal of translational medicine · 2023Article
- Acute and chronic kidney disease and risk of hospital mortality during COVID-19 pandemic waves in the pre-vaccination era.Clinical kidney journal · 2023Article
- N-acetylcysteine Reduces Inflammasome Activation Induced by SARS-CoV-2 Proteins In Vitro.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Recent Progress in Research on COVID-19 Pathophysiology: Biomarkers, Repurposed Drugs, Viral Invasiveness, SARS-CoV-2 Genetic Diversity, the Crystal Structure of Viral Proteins, and the Molecular and Cellular Outcomes of COVID-19.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 spike RNA sequences in feces and nasopharynx indicates intestinal replication.Gut pathogens · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Monitoring SARS-CoV-2’s genetic diversity and emerging mutations in this ongoing pandemic is crucial to understanding its evolution and ensuring the performance of COVID-19 diagnostic tests, vaccines, and therapies. Spain has been one of the main epicenters of COVID-19, reaching the highest number of cases and deaths per 100,000 population in Europe at the beginning of the pandemic. This study aims to investigate the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Spain and its 18 Autonomous Communities across the six epidemic waves established from February 2020 to January 2022. We report on the circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants in each epidemic wave and Spanish region and analyze the mutation frequency, amino acid (aa) conservation, and most frequent aa changes across each structural/non-structural/accessory viral protein among the Spanish sequences deposited in the GISAID database during the study period. The overall SARS-CoV-2 mutation frequency was 1.24 × 10−5. The aa conservation was >99% in the three types of protein, being non-structural the most conserved. Accessory proteins had more variable positions, while structural proteins presented more aa changes per sequence. Six main lineages spread successfully in Spain from 2020 to 2022. The presented data provide an insight into the SARS-CoV-2 circulation and genetic variability in Spain during the first two years of the pandemic.
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Registered trials
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