SynthesisInternational journal of environmental research and public health2022
Individual, Family, and Socioeconomic Contributors to Dental Caries in Children from Low- and Middle-Income Countries.
Synthesis in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 63 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
63 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 95 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Effect of Tobacco Smoking on Tooth Loss: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of clinical periodontology · 2026Pooled it
- Bioactive inorganic materials in dental resin infiltrants: a systematic and critical review of their effects on infiltrant properties and tooth surfaces.Clinical oral investigations · 2025Pooled it
- Risk prediction models for dental caries in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ open · 2025Pooled it
- Applications of AI-based deep learning models for detecting dental caries on intraoral images - a systematic review.Evidence-based dentistry · 2025Pooled it
- Microinvasive interventions in the management of proximal caries lesions in primary and permanent teeth- systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC oral health · 2025Pooled it
- Activity and levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 in saliva of children and young adults with dental caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC oral health · 2024Pooled it
- Oral health status and associated influencing factors in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a case-control study.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Key Mediators Reducing Socioeconomic Inequality in Early Childhood Caries.JDR clinical and translational research · 2026Article
- Oral Hygiene and Dietary Behaviors Associated with Major Carious Lesions in Primary Dentition: A Cross-Sectional Study.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Obesity and Dental Caries: A State-of-the-Art Review of Shared Risk Factors, Biological Mechanisms and Current Evidence.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Socio-Behavioral Characteristics of Parents/Guardians Associated with Child Dental Neglect: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Analytical Study.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Oral health status and associated factors among rural older adults in China using a 3D intraoral scanner: a population-based cross-sectional study in four provinces.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Article
- Association of Individual and Contextual Factors for Protection from Dental Caries.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Development and validation of a predictive model for severe caries in 12-year-olds from resource-limited regions: a cross-sectional study in China.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Association between childhood obesity, salivary adiponectin, and total dental caries experience (dmft + DMFT) in children: a cross-sectional study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Prevalence of dental caries and its associated factors among individuals aged 6-18 years attending Governorate hospitals in Jizan, KSA: a cross‑sectional study.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Maternal age and oral health-related quality of life in preschool children: the mediating role of dental caries in a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in oral health · 2026Article
- Social inequalities and untreated dental caries in 5-year-old children: an intersectional analysis based on SB Brasil 2023.Revista brasileira de epidemiologia = Brazilian journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Oral Health Status in Children from the Community of Madrid, Spain: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Investigation.Pediatric health, medicine and therapeutics · 2026Article
3 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Collective evidence on risk factors for dental caries remains elusive in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The objective was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis on risk factors for dental caries in deciduous or permanent teeth in LMICs. Methods: Studies were identified electronically through databases, including Cochrane Oral Health Group Trials Register, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed/MEDLINE, and CINAHL, using “prevalence, dental caries, child, family, socioeconomic, and LMIC” as the keywords. A total of 11 studies fit the inclusion criteria. Quality assessment of the included studies was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). The MedCalc software and Review Manager 5.4.1 were used. Results: From 11,115 participants, 38.7% (95% CI: 28.4−49.5%) had caries and 49.68% were female. Among those with caries, 69.74% consumed sugary drinks/sweets (95% CI: 47.84−87.73%) and 56.87% (95% CI: 35.39−77.08%) had good brushing habits. Sugary drinks had a two times higher likelihood of leading to caries (OR: 2.04, p < 0.001). Good oral hygiene reduced the risk of caries by 35% (OR: 0.65, p < 0.001). Concerning maternal education, only secondary education reduced the likelihood of caries (OR: 0.96), but primary education incurred 25% higher risks (OR: 1.25, p = 0.03). A 65% reduction was computed when caregivers helped children with tooth brushing (OR: 0.35, p = 0.04). Most families had a low socioeconomic status (SES) (35.9%, 95% CI: 16.73−57.79), which increased the odds of caries by 52% (OR: 1.52, p < 0.001); a high SES had a 3% higher chance of caries. In the entire sample, 44.44% (95% CI: 27.73−61.82%) of individuals had access to dental services or had visited a dental service provider. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that high sugar consumption, low maternal education, and low and high socioeconomic status (SES) increased the risk of dental caries in LMICs. Good brushing habits, higher maternal education, help with tooth brushing, and middle SES provided protection against caries across LMIC children. Limiting sugars, improving oral health education, incorporating national fluoride exposure programs, and accounting for sociodemographic limitations are essential for reducing the prevalence of dental caries in these settings.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.