ArticleBrain sciences2022
Development of Landmark Use for Navigation in Children: Effects of Age, Sex, Working Memory and Landmark Type.
Article in Brain sciences, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Componential cognitive correlates of wayfinding in 5- to 6-year-old children: perspective taking, working memory, and nonverbal reasoning.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Preschoolers' early gaze exploration in virtual preschool classrooms: a transition-based eye-tracking analysis of window views and room size.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Navigating space and the developing mind.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Review
- Bilingual Spatial Cognition: Spatial Cue Use in Bilinguals and Monolinguals.Brain sciences · 2024Article
- Application of Virtual Reality in Spatial Memory.Brain sciences · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The use of landmarks for navigation develops throughout childhood. Here, we examined the developmental trajectory of egocentric and allocentric navigation based on landmark information in an on-screen virtual environment in 39 5-6-year-olds, 43 7-8-year-olds, and 41 9-10-year-olds. We assessed both categorical performance, indicating the notion of location changes based on the landmarks, as well as metrical performance relating to the precision of the representation of the environment. We investigated whether age, sex, spatial working memory, verbal working memory, and verbal production of left and right contributed to the development of navigation skills. In egocentric navigation, Categorical performance was already above chance at 5 years of age and was positively related to visuo-spatial working memory and the production of left/right, whereas metrical performance was only related to age. Allocentric navigation started to develop between 5 and 8 years of age and was related to sex, with boys outperforming girls. Both boys and girls seemed to rely more on directional landmark information as compared to positional landmark information. To our knowledge, this study is the first to give insight into the relative contribution of different cognitive abilities to navigation skills in school-aged children.
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Registered trials
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