ArticlePLoS biology2022
The population genetics of the causative agent of snake fungal disease indicate recent introductions to the USA.
Article in PLoS biology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- Phylogenetic and Structural Analysis of Miconazole Susceptibility in Malassezia pachydermatis Isolates From Dogs With Otitis Externa.Veterinary dermatology · 2026Article
- Ophidiomycosis Prevalence and Disease Ecology in a Natrix tessellata (Laurenti, 1768) Population From Northern Italy.Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology · 2026Article
- Preliminary Screening forMicroorganisms · 2026Article
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- Health assessment and multipathogen surveillance of free-ranging snakes in the southeastern United States.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- Oo-No: Ophidiomyces ophidiicola-bacterial interactions and the role of skin lipids in development of ophidiomycosis.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Synthesizing selection mosaic theory and host-pathogen theory to explain large-scale pathogen coexistence.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Mortality Event in Rainbow Snakes Linked to Snake Fungal Disease, United States.Emerging infectious diseases · 2025Article
- An emergent disease reduces survival of mature female eastern diamondback rattlesnakes (Crotalus adamanteus), a key demographic for a slow-lived species.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Microorganisms in wild European reptiles: bridging gaps in neglected conditions to inform disease ecology research.International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife · 2025Review
- Nationwide Screening Unveils EndemicJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Phylogenetic and evolutionary insights from 30 newly-assembledIMA fungus · 2025Article
- Retrospective Detection ofMicroorganisms · 2024Article
- Contribution of host species and pathogen clade to snake fungal disease hotspots in Europe.Communications biology · 2024Article
- Characterisation, prevalence and severity of skin lesions caused by ophidiomycosis in a population of wild snakes.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Effects of ophidiomycosis on movement, survival, and reproduction of eastern foxsnakes (Pantherophis vulpinus).Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Snake Fungal Disease in Free-Ranging Northern Pine Snakes (Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Environmental associations of Ophidiomyces ophidiicola, the causative agent of ophidiomycosis in snakes.PloS one · 2024Article
- Pilot survey reveals ophidiomycosis in dice snakes Natrix tessellata from Lake Garda, Italy.Veterinary research communications · 2023Article
- Novel Genome Sequences of Ophidiomyces ophidiicola, the Causative Agent of Snake Fungal Disease.Microbiology resource announcements · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 7 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Snake fungal disease (SFD; ophidiomycosis), caused by the pathogen Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola (Oo), has been documented in wild snakes in North America and Eurasia, and is considered an emerging disease in the eastern United States of America. However, a lack of historical disease data has made it challenging to determine whether Oo is a recent arrival to the USA or whether SFD emergence is due to other factors. Here, we examined the genomes of 82 Oo strains to determine the pathogen's history in the eastern USA. Oo strains from the USA formed a clade (Clade II) distinct from European strains (Clade I), and molecular dating indicated that these clades diverged too recently (approximately 2,000 years ago) for transcontinental dispersal of Oo to have occurred via natural snake movements across Beringia. A lack of nonrecombinant intermediates between clonal lineages in Clade II indicates that Oo has actually been introduced multiple times to North America from an unsampled source population, and molecular dating indicates that several of these introductions occurred within the last few hundred years. Molecular dating also indicated that the most common Clade II clonal lineages have expanded recently in the USA, with time of most recent common ancestor mean estimates ranging from 1985 to 2007 CE. The presence of Clade II in captive snakes worldwide demonstrates a potential mechanism of introduction and highlights that additional incursions are likely unless action is taken to reduce the risk of pathogen translocation and spillover into wild snake populations.
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