ReviewToxins2022
Treatment of Depression with Botulinum Toxin.
Review in Toxins, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Potential Role of Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A as a Supportive Intervention for Depressive Symptoms: A Systematic Review.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2026Pooled it
- Botulinum Toxin Injections for Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review of the Clinical Trial Landscape.Toxins · 2024Pooled it
- Efficacy of botulinum toxin type A in myogenic temporomandibulardisorders: a single arm, prospective, pilot study.Frontiers in rehabilitation sciences · 2025Trial
- The complement C3-microglial axis in depression of Parkinson's disease: from mechanism to therapeutic intervention.EBioMedicine · 2026Article
- Psychological and motor outcomes of botulinum toxin in hemifacial spasm and blepharospasm.International ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Botulinum Toxin for Chronic Migraine: Beyond Headache Reduction and Toward Possible Cognitive Benefits.Toxins · 2026Review
- Article
- Sustained anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of botulinum toxin A in blepharospasm patients beyond motor symptom control.World journal of psychiatry · 2026Article
- A Psychological Guide to Upper Face Botulinum Toxin Injections: Baseline Emotional Functions of Facial Expressions.Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2025Review
- Botulinum Toxin: An Unconventional Tool for the Treatment of Depression?Brain sciences · 2025Review
- Article
- Physical Mechanisms of Emotions Evoked by Postural Feedback.Psychophysiology · 2025Article
- Botulinum Toxin A Therapy for Glabellar Lines Improves Emotional States: Evaluation of 47 Cases without Mental Disorders.Journal of plastic and reconstructive surgery · 2025Article
- Variation in Subtypes of Obsessive-Compulsive Traits in Migraine Patients Undergoing Onabotulinum Toxin A Therapy.Toxins · 2025Article
- Minimal important changes of HFS-30 and HFS-7 questionnaires for patients with hemifacial spasm.Clinical parkinsonism & related disorders · 2025Article
- Depression Treatment: Is There a Role for Botulinum Toxin Type A?Microorganisms · 2024Review
- Psychopathological variables in chronic migraine patients with different therapeutic approach: psychological profile differences and impact on therapeutic efficacy in real life.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2024Article
- On the Role of Sensorimotor Experience in Facial Expression Perception.Journal of cognitive neuroscience · 2024Review
- Clinical effect of botulinum toxin type A combined with autologous fat grafting in patients with nasolabial fold depression.World journal of clinical cases · 2024Article
- The effect of facial BOTOX injection on quality of life and happiness, a descriptive/prevalence study.Health science reports · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Injection of botulinum toxin (BoNT) into the glabellar region of the face is a novel therapeutic approach in the treatment of depression. This treatment method has several advantages, including few side effects and a long-lasting, depot-like effect. Here we review the clinical and experimental evidence for the antidepressant effect of BoNT injections as well as the theoretical background and possible mechanisms of action. Moreover, we provide practical instructions for the safe and effective application of BoNT in the treatment of depression. Finally, we describe the current status of the clinical development of BoNT as an antidepressant and give an outlook on its potential future role in the management of mental disorders.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.