ArticleNeurology international2022
RETRACTED: Effect Comparison of E-Cigarette and Traditional Smoking and Association with Stroke-A Cross-Sectional Study of NHANES.
Article in Neurology international, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It has been retracted, and should not be counted. Cited by 21 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Population-Based Disease Odds for E-Cigarettes and Dual Use versus Cigarettes.NEJM evidence · 2024Pooled it
- The Health Effects of Real-World Dual Use of Electronic and Conventional Cigarettes versus the Health Effects of Exclusive Smoking of Conventional Cigarettes: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Comparison of e-Cigarette and Cigarette Use and Dual Use Associations With Disease: Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974)Pooled it
- A Narrative Review of the Potential Impact of Next-Generation Tobacco and Nicotine Products on Cardiovascular Health.Cureus · 2026Review
- Oxidative stress mediates cardiac electrophysiological injury in inhalation exposure to flavored vaping products.Heart rhythm · 2026Article
- Triglyceride-glucose index as a biochemical predictor of hypertension in patients with type 2 diabetes and prediabetes: Evidence from the NHANES database.Journal of medical biochemistry · 2026Article
- Multifactorial determinants of cardiovascular disease: The role of socio-demographic, lifestyle, and morbidity factors.Journal of education and health promotion · 2026Article
- RETRACTED: Patel et al. Effect Comparison of E-Cigarette and Traditional Smoking and Association with Stroke-A Cross-Sectional Study of NHANES.Neurology international · 2025Article
- Comparing smoking-related disease rates from e-cigarette use with those from tobacco cigarette use: a reanalysis of a recently-published study.Harm reduction journal · 2025Article
- Observational studies of exposure to tobacco and nicotine products: Best practices for maximizing statistical precision and accuracy.iScience · 2025Review
- Electronic cigarettes and cardiovascular diseases: An updated systematic review and network meta-analysis.Tobacco induced diseases · 2025Review
- Multidimensional analysis of conventional and electronic cigarette consumption among students.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Inflammatory markers activation associated with vapor or smoke exposure in Wistar rats.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Optimal Pathways to Lung Cancer Screening in Primary Care Settings: A Scoping Review.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2024Article
- Prevalence, demographic, socio-economic, and lifestyle factors associated with cigarette, e-cigarette, and dual use: evidence from the 2017-2021 Scottish Health Survey.Internal and emergency medicine · 2024Article
- Article
- E-cigarette Use and Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis.Cureus · 2024Review
- Association Between Myocardial Infarction and Triglyceride-Glucose Index: A Study Based on NHANES Database.Global heart · 2024Article
- Article
- The association between combustible/electronic cigarette use and stroke based on national health and nutrition examination survey.BMC public health · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
- Retraction · 2025-12-18Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions · Error in Analyses · Investigation by Journal/Publisher · Objections by Author(s) · Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions · · see also: https://pubpeer.com/publications/1F118DC9A92A4FC13507BB5448462D
- Retracted
Authors and funding
14 authors at 11 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Tobacco use is one of the most significant risk factors for stroke. Besides traditional cigarettes and combustible products, the use of e-cigarettes and electronic nicotine delivery products has been widespread among young adults in the recent era. Furthermore, the trend of vaping has increased over the last decade. However, the relationship between e-cigarettes and stroke is largely unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and identify the relationship between e-cigarette smoking and stroke. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed using the NHANES database of the US population. Adults with a history of smoking were considered in our study and divided into three groups, e-cigarette users, traditional, and dual smokers. The Chi-squared test, Wilcoxon rank-sum test, and multivariable logistic regression analysis were used to identify the prevalence and association of e-cigarette consumption and stroke. Results: Out of a total of 266,058 respondents from 2015 to 2018, we found 79,825 respondents who smoked e-cigarettes (9.72%) or traditional (29.37%) or dual smoking (60.91%). Stroke prevalence among e-cigarette smokers was 1.57%. Stroke was more prevalent among traditional smokers than among e-cigarette smokers. (6.75% vs. 1.09%; p < 0.0001) E-cigarette smokers had early onset of stroke in comparison with traditional smokers. (median age: 48 vs. 59 years; p < 0.0001). Among females with stroke, the prevalence of e-cigarette use was higher in comparison with traditional smoking (36.36% vs. 33.91%; p < 0.0001). Among the stroke population, the prevalence of e-cigarette use was higher among Mexican-Americans (21.21% vs. 6.02%) and other Hispanics (24.24% vs. 7.70%) compared with traditional smoking (p < 0.0001). The regression analysis found higher odds of stroke history among e-cigarette users than traditional smokers [aOR: 1.15; 95% CI: 1.15−1.16)]. Conclusion: Though stroke was more prevalent in traditional smokers, the incidence of stroke was early-in-onset and was strongly associated with e-cigarette use compared to traditional smokers. We have also identified vascular effects of e-cigarettes components as possible triggers for the stroke.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.