ArticleGels (Basel, Switzerland)2022
Intranasal Delivery of Darunavir-Loaded Mucoadhesive In Situ Gel: Experimental Design, In Vitro Evaluation, and Pharmacokinetic Studies.
Article in Gels (Basel, Switzerland), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Recent Advances in Intranasal Administration for Brain-Targeting Delivery: A Comprehensive Review of Lipid-Based Nanoparticles and Stimuli-Responsive Gel Formulations.International journal of nanomedicine · 2024Pooled it
- Stimuli-Responsive Nasal in situ Gel Drug Delivery Systems: from Material Design to Clinical Translation.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Novel Capsaicin Nanogel for Arthritic Pain and Inflammation Management: Formulation, In Vitro, Ex-vivo and In Vivo Assessment.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2025Article
- Injectable In Situ Thermoreversible Gel Depot System of Lidocaine Nanoemulsion for Prolonged Anesthetic Activity in Dental and Operative Procedures.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Thermoreversible Ionogel for Enhanced Nose-to-brain Delivery of Tetrabenazine Hydrochloride: Optimization by Central Composite Design and In Vitro Ex Vivo Evaluation.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2025Article
- Nasal Emulgel's Role in Preventing Coronavirus Infection.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Article
- Optimization and preparation of in-situ mucoadhesive gel of azithromycin hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex against upper respiratory tract infections.BMC pharmacology & toxicology · 2025Article
- Intranasal Mucoadhesive In Situ Gel of Glibenclamide-Loaded Bilosomes for Enhanced Therapeutic Drug Delivery to the Brain.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Investigation of a Thermoresponsive In Situ Hydrogel Loaded with Nanotriphala: Implications for Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antimicrobial Therapy in Nasal Disorders.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Development and Characterization of In Situ Gelling Nasal Cilostazol Spanlastics.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Alopecia Management Potential of Rosemary-Based Nanoemulgel Loaded with Metformin: Approach Combining Active Essential Oil and Repurposed Drug.International journal of nanomedicine · 2025Article
- Darunavir: A Versatile Protease Inhibitor against Microbial Infections.Current drug discovery technologies · 2025Review
- Recent opportunities and application of gellan gum based drug delivery system for intranasal route.Daru : journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences · 2024Review
- Article
- Nasal Delivery to the Brain: Harnessing Nanoparticles for Effective Drug Transport.Pharmaceutics · 2024Review
- Optimizing Absorption for Intranasal Delivery of Drugs Targeting the Central Nervous System Using Alkylsaccharide Permeation Enhancers.Pharmaceutics · 2023Review
- Development of Atomoxetine-Loaded NLC In Situ Gel for Nose-to-Brain Delivery: Optimization, In Vitro, and Preclinical Evaluation.Pharmaceutics · 2023Article
- Propranolol-Loaded Limonene-Based Microemulsion Thermo-Responsive Mucoadhesive Nasal Nanogel: Design, In Vitro Assessment, Ex Vivo Permeation, and Brain Biodistribution.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Intranasal Administration of Dolutegravir-Loaded Nanoemulsion-Based In Situ Gel for Enhanced Bioavailability and Direct Brain Targeting.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The clinical efficacy of antiretroviral therapy in NeuroAIDS is primarily limited by the low perfusion of the drug to the brain. The objective of the current investigation was to design and develop an in situ mucoadhesive gel loaded with darunavir to assess the feasibility of brain targeting through the intranasal route. Preliminary batches (F1−F9) were prepared and evaluated for various pharmaceutical characteristics. A full factorial design of the experiment was applied to optimize and assess the effect of two influencing variables (Carbopol 934P (X1) and Poloxamer 407 (X2)) on the response effects (gelation temperature (Y1) and % drug release (Y2) at 8 h). The data demonstrate that both influencing variables affect the response variables significantly (p < 0.05). The optimized formulation (F7) exhibited favorable rheological properties, adequate mucoadhesion, sustained drug release, and greater permeation across the nasal mucosa. An in vitro ciliotoxicity study confirms the nontoxicity of the optimized in situ gel (D7) on the nasal mucosa. An in vivo pharmacokinetic study in rats was performed to assess drug targeting to the brain following the nasal application of the selected in situ gel (D7). Significantly higher (p < 0.0001) Cmax (~4-fold) and AUC0-α (~3.5-fold) values were noticed in the brain after nasal application, as compared to the intravenous route. However, less systemic exposure to darunavir was noticed with nasal therapy, which confirms the low absorption of the drug into the central compartment. Overall, the data here demonstrate that the optimized in situ mucoadhesive nasal gel is effective in targeting darunavir to the brain by the nasal route and could be a viable option for the treatment of NeuroAIDS.
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Registered trials
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