ReviewFrontiers in pharmacology2022
Harnessing Clinical Trial and Real-World Data Towards an Understanding of Sex Effects on Drug Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Efficacy.
Review in Frontiers in pharmacology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Female Representation in the Antiplatelet Medication Literature Informing the 2023 Canadian Antiplatelet Guidelines.CJC open · 2026Review
- Sex and gender differences in responses to antianemic therapies: biological mechanisms and clinical implications.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Review
- Sex Differences in Psychotropic Drug Exposure and Safety: A Systematic Review Toward Personalized Dosing Strategies.Journal of personalized medicine · 2026Review
- An open-source framework for physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling of kinetics in the female reproductive tract.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Sex differences in hepatic enzymes and transporters involved in pharmacokinetics.Liver research (Beijing, China) · 2025Review
- Effect of repeated bolus and continuous doxorubicin administration on bone and soft tissue concentrations- a randomized study evaluated in a tumour-free porcine model.Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology · 2025Article
- Small Extracellular Vesicles from Breast Cancer Cells Induce Cardiotoxicity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Development and feasibility of a sex- and gender-sensitive primary care intervention for patients with chronic non-cancer pain receiving long-term opioid therapy (GESCO): a study protocol.Pilot and feasibility studies · 2024Article
- An Investigational Study on the Role ofPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Sex Matters-Insights from Testing Drug Efficacy in an Animal Model of Pancreatic Cancer.Cancers · 2024Article
- View on Metformin: Antidiabetic and Pleiotropic Effects, Pharmacokinetics, Side Effects, and Sex-Related Differences.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Membrane transporters in drug development and as determinants of precision medicine.Nature reviews. Drug discovery · 2024Review
- Response to Therapeutic Interventions in the NICU: Role of Sex as a Biological Variable.NeoReviews · 2023Article
- The Impact of Sex and Gender in Medicine and Pharmacology.Handbook of experimental pharmacology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Increasing clinical data on sex-related differences in drug efficacy and toxicity has highlighted the importance of understanding the impact of sex on drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Intrinsic differences between males and females, such as different CYP enzyme activity, drug transporter expression or levels of sex hormones can all contribute to different responses to medications. However, most studies do not include sex-specific investigations, leading to lack of sex-disaggregated pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data. Based available literature, the potential influence of sex on exposure-response relationship has not been fully explored for many drugs used in clinical practice, though population-based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling is well-placed to explore this effect. The aim of this review is to highlight existing knowledge gaps regarding the effect of sex on clinical outcomes, thereby proposing future research direction for the drugs with significant sex differences. Based on evaluated drugs encompassing all therapeutic areas, 25 drugs demonstrated a clinically meaningful sex differences in drug exposure (characterised by ≥ 50% change in drug exposure) and this altered PK was correlated with differential response.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.