ArticleJournal for immunotherapy of cancer2022
BCG hydrogel promotes CTSS-mediated antigen processing and presentation, thereby suppressing metastasis and prolonging survival in melanoma.
Article in Journal for immunotherapy of cancer, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- New Strategies in Comprehensive Melanoma Treatment: Applications, Potential, and Challenges of Hydrogels.International journal of nanomedicine · 2025Pooled it
- Designing lysate-based hydrogels for on-demand therapy.Journal of pharmaceutical analysis · 2026Review
- Trained immunity modulators: A new frontier in immunoregulation and disease intervention.Journal of advanced research · 2026Review
- Agonistic GITR treatment enhances antitumor immune responses and suppresses tumor progression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.Journal of gastroenterology · 2026Article
- Research progress and clinical translation challenges in the use of oncolytic bacteria for cancer therapy.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2026Review
- Review
- Multifunctional hydrogels for synergistic therapy of cutaneous melanoma-associated tumor recurrence and wound regeneration.Materials today. Bio · 2025Review
- Cold, Hot, and Lethal-The Tumour Microenvironment and the Immunology of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- CTSS in the tumor microenvironment links immune escape and immunotherapy sensitivity in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma.Discover oncology · 2025Article
- Cathepsins: Emerging targets in the tumor ecosystem to overcome cancers.Seminars in cancer biology · 2025Review
- A Bionic "Trojan Horse"-like Nanovesicle Delivery System Hybridized with BCG Cytoplasmic Membrane and Melanoma Cell Membrane for Cancer Immunotherapy.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- BET inhibitor in combination with BCG vaccine enhances antitumor efficacy and orchestrates T cell reprogramming for melanoma.Cell reports. Medicine · 2025Article
- Dual role of Cathepsin S in cutaneous melanoma: insights from mendelian randomization and bioinformatics analysis.BMC cancer · 2025Article
- Hydrogel-Based Vaccines: A Promising Approach for Cancer Immunotherapy.International journal of nanomedicine · 2025Review
- Orchestration of Tumor-Associated Macrophages in the Tumor Cell-Macrophage-CD8International journal of biological sciences · 2025Review
- The multifaceted roles of cathepsins in immune and inflammatory responses: implications for cancer therapy, autoimmune diseases, and infectious diseases.Biomarker research · 2024Review
- Systematic proteome-wide Mendelian randomization to prioritize causal plasma proteins for skin cancers.Communications biology · 2024Article
- Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) and Emerging Intralesional Immunotherapies for Metastatic Melanoma: A Review.Current oncology reports · 2024Review
- Review
- Recent advances on thermosensitive hydrogels-mediated precision therapy.Asian journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe use of intralesional
methodsWe generated a novel BCG lysate and developed it into a thermosensitive PLGA-PEG-PLGA hydrogel (BCG hydrogel), which was injected adjacent to the tumor to assess its antitumor effect in syngeneic tumor models (B16F10, MC38). The effect of BCG hydrogel treatment on contralateral tumors, lung metastases, and survival was assessed to evaluate systemic long-term efficacy. Gene expression profiles of tumor-infiltrating immune cells and of tumor-draining lymph nodes from BCG hydrogel-treated mice were analyzed by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and CD8
resultsHere, we show that BCG lysate exhibits enhanced antitumor efficacy compared to live mycobacteria and promotes a proinflammatory tumor microenvironment and M1 macrophage (MΦ) polarization in vivo. The underlying mechanisms of BCG lysate-mediated tumor immunity are dependent on MΦ and dendritic cells (DCs). BCG hydrogel treatment induced systemic immunity in melanoma-bearing mice with suppression of lung metastases and improved survival. Furthermore, BCG hydrogel promoted cathepsin S (CTSS) activity in MΦ and DCs, resulting in enhanced antigen processing and presentation of tumor-associated antigens. Finally, BCG hydrogel treatment was associated with increased frequencies of melanoma-reactive CD8
conclusionsThese findings provide mechanistic insights as well as rationale for the clinical translation of BCG hydrogel as cancer immunotherapy to overcome the current limitations of immunotherapies for the treatment of patients with melanoma.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.