ArticleCell reports. Medicine2022
The IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF cytokine triad is associated with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19.
Article in Cell reports. Medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 324 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Magnetic Resonance Analysis of Neural Inflammatory Factors and External Stimulation (MANIFEST)
Mitigating Cognitive Problems and Fatigue With Brain Stimulation in Long COVID
Who cites it
324 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 411 citations in OpenAlex.
- Taurine supplementation as a therapeutic strategy for cellular senescence and chronic inflammation in long COVID: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Pooled it
- Systematic Review of Dyspnea and Chronic Fatigue in Patients With Long COVID: Clinical Characteristics and Associated Laboratory Parameters.Pulmonary medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Persistent inflammatory cytokine signature in long Covid-19 patients: a meta-analysis.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Pooled it
- Risk of long covid in patients with pre-existing chronic respiratory diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ open respiratory research · 2025Pooled it
- Mucosal immune response in biology, disease prevention and treatment.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Pooled it
- Long COVID among people with HIV: A systematic review and meta-analysis.HIV medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Pathophysiological Mechanisms in Long COVID: A Mixed Method Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Pooled it
- Profiles of Individuals With Long COVID Reporting Persistent Cognitive Complaints.Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists · 2025Trial
- Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects of HIIT in Individuals with Long COVID: Insights into the Potential Role ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Trial
- Assessing the Potential of an Enzymatically Liberated Salmon Oil to Support Immune Health Recovery from Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection via Change in the Expression of Cytokine, Chemokine and Interferon-Related Genes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Trial
- Type I IFN coordinates resistance and tolerance against Zika virus disease by inducing NK cell recruitment and limiting neutrophil-driven neuropathology in the brain.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- The dual role of arginine vasopressin in immune regulation: Balancing immunostimulation and immunosuppression.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Review
- Closed-Loop Neuromodulation for Brain Fatigue: From Real-Time Biomarkers to Adaptive Intervention.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Low serum selenium combined with SELENOP-autoantibodies are associated with persistent fatigue after SARS-CoV-2 infection.Redox biology · 2026Article
- The Combination of Nirmatrelvir and Ivermectin Exerts Strongly Synergistic Antiviral and Anti-Inflammatory Effects Against Murine Coronavirus Infection of Macrophages.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Article
- Immunothrombosis in hospitalized COVID-19 patients identified by multiomics profiling and linked to postacute complications.iScience · 2026Article
- Fatigue after COVID-19 infection is associated with peripheral immunometabolic alterations affecting neuroimmune responses in the hippocampus.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Neurological impairment in long COVID: implications for neurodegenerative disease.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- Metformin and Severe Post-COVID-19 Outcomes Among Individuals with Diabetes Mellitus.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
264 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) is emerging as global problem with unknown molecular drivers. Using a digital epidemiology approach, we recruited 8,077 individuals to the cohort study for digital health research in Germany (DigiHero) to respond to a basic questionnaire followed by a PASC-focused survey and blood sampling. We report the first 318 participants, the majority thereof after mild infections. Of those, 67.8% report PASC, predominantly consisting of fatigue, dyspnea, and concentration deficit, which persists in 60% over the mean 8-month follow-up period and resolves independently of post-infection vaccination. PASC is not associated with autoantibodies, but with elevated IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF plasma levels, which we confirm in a validation cohort with 333 additional participants and a longer time from infection of 10 months. Blood profiling and single-cell data from early infection suggest the induction of these cytokines in COVID-19 lung pro-inflammatory macrophages creating a self-sustaining feedback loop.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.