SynthesisTrauma, violence & abuse2023
A Systematic Review on Hate Speech among Children and Adolescents: Definitions, Prevalence, and Overlap with Related Phenomena.
Synthesis in Trauma, violence & abuse, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 86 citations in OpenAlex.
- Bias-Based Cyberaggression Related To Origin, Religion, Sexual Orientation, Gender, and Weight: Systematic Review of Young People's Experiences, Risk and Protective Factors, and the Consequences.Trauma, violence & abuse · 2025Pooled it
- Adolescents' Experiences of Hate Speech and Psychological Needs: A Reflexive Thematic Analysis.Journal of adolescence · 2026Article
- The Enforcement of Intimate Image Offences and the Effectiveness of Victim Services in Taiwan: A Qualitative Study Using Reflexive Thematic Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- The influence of hate speech on adolescents' bystander intention and TNB aggression.Journal of research on adolescence : the official journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence · 2026Article
- Promoting Classroom Climate and Why it Matters in Anti-Hate Speech Prevention Programs: A HateLess Evaluation Study.Journal of interpersonal violence · 2026Article
- Listen to Me! Target Perceptions of Digital Hate: A Scoping Review of Recent Research.Trauma, violence & abuse · 2025Article
- Exposure to online hate speech is positively associated with post-traumatic stress disorder symptom severity.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Happiness Through HateLess? Examining the Direct and Indirect Effects of an Anti-Hate Speech Program on Victimized and Non-Victimized Youth.Journal of adolescence · 2025Article
- Exposure to hate in online and traditional media: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of this exposure on individuals and communities.Campbell systematic reviews · 2025Review
- Association between victimization and perpetration of cyberhate: The moderating role of social dominance orientation.Journal of adolescence · 2025Article
- Hate Speech Against Asian American Youth: Pre-Pandemic Trends and The Role of School Factors.Journal of youth and adolescence · 2024Article
- Effects of the Prevention Program "HateLess. Together against Hatred" on Adolescents' Empathy, Self-efficacy, and Countering Hate Speech.Journal of youth and adolescence · 2023Article
- Associations Between Classroom Climate, Empathy, Self-Efficacy, and Countering Hate Speech Among Adolescents: A Multilevel Mediation Analysis.Journal of interpersonal violence · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Little is known about the current state of research on the involvement of young people in hate speech. Thus, this systematic review presents findings on a) the prevalence of hate speech among children and adolescents and on hate speech definitions that guide prevalence assessments for this population; and b) the theoretical and empirical overlap of hate speech with related concepts. This review was guided by the Cochrane approach. To be included, publications were required to deal with real-life experiences of hate speech, to provide empirical data on prevalence for samples aged 5 to 21 years and they had to be published in academic formats. Included publications were full-text coded using two raters (κ = .80) and their quality was assessed. The string-guided electronic search (ERIC, SocInfo, Psycinfo, Psyndex) yielded 1,850 publications. Eighteen publications based on 10 studies met the inclusion criteria and their findings were systematized. Twelve publications were of medium quality due to minor deficiencies in their theoretical or methodological foundations. All studies used samples of adolescents and none of younger children. Nine out of 10 studies applied quantitative methodologies. Eighteen publications based on 10 studies were included. Results showed that frequencies for hate speech exposure were higher than those related to victimization and perpetration. Definitions of hate speech and assessment instruments were heterogeneous. Empirical evidence for an often theorized overlap between hate speech and bullying was found. The paper concludes by presenting a definition of hate speech, including implications for practice, policy, and research.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.