SynthesisThe Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy2022
Addition of probenecid to oral β-lactam antibiotics: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Towards pharmacokinetic boosting of phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin-V) using probenecid for the treatment of bacterial infections.Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- Insights into amoxicillin pharmacokinetics using physiology-based pharmacokinetic modelling.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2026Article
- Optimizing intravenous amoxicillin for outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy.JAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2026Article
- Simultaneous measurement of piperacillin, tazobactam and meropenem in patient samples using LC-MS/MS to support β-lactam therapeutic drug monitoring.Analytical methods : advancing methods and applications · 2026Article
- Machine learning models for drug-drug interaction prediction from computational discovery to clinical application.NPJ digital medicine · 2026Review
- Adulteration of Sports Supplements with Anabolic Steroids-From Innocent Athlete to Vicious Cheater.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Analysis of ESAC-Net/EARS-Net Data from 29 EEA Countries for Spatiotemporal Associations Between Antimicrobial Use and Resistance-Implications for Antimicrobial Stewardship?Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The challenge of antimicrobial resistance (AMR): current status and future prospects.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2024Review
- Deciphering the Intricate Interplay in the Framework of Antibiotic-Drug Interactions: A Narrative Review.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Drug-Drug Interactions in Nosocomial Infections: An Updated Review for Clinicians.Pharmaceutics · 2024Review
- Transporter Proteins as Therapeutic Drug Targets-With a Focus on SGLT2 Inhibitors.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- A low-volume LC/MS method for highly sensitive monitoring of phenoxymethylpenicillin, benzylpenicillin, and probenecid in human serum.Analytical methods : advancing methods and applications · 2024Article
- Oral Antibiotics for Bacteremia and Infective Endocarditis: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives.Microorganisms · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesTo explore the literature comparing the pharmacokinetic and clinical outcomes from adding probenecid to oral β-lactams.
methodsMedline and EMBASE were searched from inception to December 2021 for all English language studies comparing the addition of probenecid (intervention) with an oral β-lactam [flucloxacillin, penicillin V, amoxicillin (± clavulanate), cefalexin, cefuroxime axetil] alone (comparator). ROBINS-I and ROB-2 tools were used. Data on antibiotic therapy, infection diagnosis, primary and secondary outcomes relating to pharmacokinetics and clinical outcomes, plus adverse events were extracted and reported descriptively. For a subset of studies comparing treatment failure between probenecid and control groups, meta-analysis was performed.
resultsOverall, 18/295 (6%) screened abstracts were included. Populations, methodology and outcome data were heterogeneous. Common populations included healthy volunteers (9/18; 50%) and those with gonococcal infection (6/18; 33%). Most studies were crossover trials (11/18; 61%) or parallel-arm randomized trials (4/18; 22%). Where pharmacokinetic analyses were performed, addition of probenecid to oral β-lactams increased total AUC (7/7; 100%), Cmax (5/8; 63%) and serum t½ (6/8; 75%). Probenecid improved PTA (2/2; 100%). Meta-analysis of 3105 (2258 intervention, 847 control) patients treated for gonococcal disease demonstrated a relative risk of treatment failure in the random-effects model of 0.33 (95% CI 0.20-0.55; I2 = 7%), favouring probenecid.
conclusionsProbenecid-boosted β-lactam therapy is associated with improved outcomes in gonococcal disease. Pharmacokinetic data suggest that probenecid-boosted oral β-lactam therapy may have a broader application, but appropriately powered mechanistic and efficacy studies are required.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.