ArticleNature microbiology2022
The DarTG toxin-antitoxin system provides phage defence by ADP-ribosylating viral DNA.
Article in Nature microbiology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 114 papers.
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Who cites it
114 citing papers in PubMed, 170 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Systematic mapping of bacteriophage gene essentiality with HIDEN-SEQ.Nature microbiology · 2026Article
- Repurposing anti-phage defenses to differentially arrest the viral lifecycle reveals the regulatory logic of a parasitic satellite.mSystems · 2026Article
- The molecular basis of ADP-ribose pyrophosphorylation by a phage PRPS-like enzyme in NAD+ reconstitution.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Dental wastewater reveals a hidden reservoir of oral bacteriophage diversity.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Phage-encoded NARP3 system rebuilds NADScience advances · 2026Article
- Review
- END nucleases are antiphage defence systems targeting multiple phages with modified genomes.Nature microbiology · 2026Article
- Targeted DNA ADP-ribosylation triggers templated repair in bacteria and base mutagenesis in eukaryotes.Nature biotechnology · 2026Article
- Structural and functional characterization of VapBC52 toxin-antitoxin system from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Transition-state analysis of the arginine-specific human ADP-ribosyltransferase 1.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Genomic profiling ofMicrobiology spectrum · 2026Article
- The Expanding Landscape of ADP-Ribosylation: Protein, DNA, RNA, and Mitochondrial Regulation.Chemical research in toxicology · 2026Review
- Genomic and experimental characterization of unique Antarctic temperate phage Perkons reveals multiple integrases and complex lysogenic dynamics in Psychrobacillus sp. L4.BMC microbiology · 2026Article
- The phage nucleus synergizes with an anti-defense protein to resist bacterial immunity.Cell reports · 2026Article
- Repurposing anti-phage defenses to differentially arrest the viral lifecycle reveals the regulatory logic of a parasitic satellite.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- DefensePredictor: A machine learning model to discover prokaryotic immune systems.Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- Simultaneous inhibition of bacterial virulence and anti-phage defense systems by synergistic bacteriophage counter-defense proteins.The EMBO journal · 2026Article
- Reversible RNA ADP-ribosylation on uracil bases.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Systematic discovery of bacterial anti-phage systems through a protein domain-centric strategy.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
54 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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10 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are broadly distributed, yet poorly conserved, genetic elements whose biological functions are unclear and controversial. Some TA systems may provide bacteria with immunity to infection by their ubiquitous viral predators, bacteriophages. To identify such TA systems, we searched bioinformatically for those frequently encoded near known phage defence genes in bacterial genomes. This search identified homologues of DarTG, a recently discovered family of TA systems whose biological functions and natural activating conditions were unclear. Representatives from two different subfamilies, DarTG1 and DarTG2, strongly protected E. coli MG1655 against different phages. We demonstrate that for each system, infection with either RB69 or T5 phage, respectively, triggers release of the DarT toxin, a DNA ADP-ribosyltransferase, that then modifies viral DNA and prevents replication, thereby blocking the production of mature virions. Further, we isolated phages that have evolved to overcome DarTG defence either through mutations to their DNA polymerase or to an anti-DarT factor, gp61.2, encoded by many T-even phages. Collectively, our results indicate that phage defence may be a common function for TA systems and reveal the mechanism by which DarTG systems inhibit phage infection.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.