ArticleBMC immunology2022
The effect of probiotics on immunogenicity of spermatozoa in couples suffering from recurrent spontaneous abortion.
Article in BMC immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Relationship Between Gut Microbiota and Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Semen Microbiome, Male Infertility, and Reproductive Health.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Bacterial live therapeutics for human diseases.Molecular systems biology · 2024Review
- The Equilibrium of Bacterial Microecosystem: Probiotics, Pathogenic Bacteria, and Natural Antimicrobial Substances in Semen.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- Microbiota and Recurrent Pregnancy Loss (RPL); More than a Simple Connection.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- Risk factors in immune-related recurrent spontaneous abortion and construction of predictive models.American journal of translational research · 2024Article
- Microbiome Changes in Pregnancy Disorders.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Characterization of the semen, gut, and urine microbiota in patients with different semen abnormalities.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundImpaired spermatozoa immunogenicity can result in pregnancy complications such as recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA). Given that spermatozoa contact with microbiota, it is possible that inappropriate microbiota composition in the reproductive tract could result in the alteration of spermatozoa antigenicity. Probiotics, as a representative of microbiota, may therefore have a beneficial effect on this altered immunogenicity. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of probiotics on spermatozoa immunogenicity.
methodsTwenty-five fertile couples and twenty-five RSA couples were included in this study. Spermatozoa were purified and treated with probiotics. Untreated and probiotic treated spermatozoa were evaluated for human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I & II expression by flow cytometry. Untreated and probiotic treated spermatozoa were also cocultured with the wife's peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) for 12 days. Then, the supernatant was assessed for IgG and APCA by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) assay respectively.
resultsProbiotic treatment of spermatozoa leads to an increase of HLA class I & II expression in both the fertile and RSA groups. The probiotic treatment resulted in a decrease in both IgG and APCA in the fertile group, but an increase in both IgG and APCA in the RSA group.
conclusionsThe results of this study suggest that a supplementary probiotic treatment may be useful in couples suffering from RSA with an immunologic cause, because it improves disturbed HLA expression on spermatozoa and improves disturbed APCA and IgG production in the presence of spermatozoa.
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