ArticleEClinicalMedicine2022
Area-level socioeconomic deprivation, non-national residency, and Covid-19 incidence: A longitudinal spatiotemporal analysis in Germany.
Article in EClinicalMedicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- Development of the Thailand district-level Socioeconomic Deprivation Index: a census-based methodological study.Health research policy and systems · 2026Article
- Socioeconomic and temporal heterogeneity in SARS-CoV-2 exposure and disease in England from May 2020 to February 2023.Science advances · 2025Article
- Article
- Pathogenic built environment? Reflections on modeling spatial determinants of health in urban settings considering the example of COVID-19 studies.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Reconsidering inequalities in COVID-19 vaccine uptake in Germany: a spatiotemporal analysis combining individual educational level and area-level socioeconomic deprivation.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Quantifying the magnitude of the general contextual effect in a multilevel study of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Ontario, Canada: application of the median rate ratio in population health research.Population health metrics · 2024Observational
- Increased mortality in socioeconomic disadvantaged municipalities during the first phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in Lombardy region.European journal of public health · 2024Article
- The impact of health inequity on spatial variation of COVID-19 transmission in England.PLoS computational biology · 2024Article
- [Primary Care Inequalities to the Disadvantage of the Population of Socially Deprived Urban Areas: A Case Study of Essen, Germany].Gesundheitswesen (Bundesverband der Arzte des Offentlichen Gesundheitsdienstes (Germany)) · 2023Article
- Housing situations and local COVID-19 infection dynamics using small-area data.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Socioeconomic disparities and concentration of the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in the province of Quebec, Canada.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Exploring the Spatial Relative Risk of COVID-19 in Berlin-Neukölln.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Deprivation, essential and non-essential activities and SARS-CoV-2 infection following the lifting of national public health restrictions in England and Wales.NIHR open research · 2023Article
- Exploration of the COVID-19 pandemic at the neighborhood level in an intra-urban setting.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- [Influence of the social deprivation index on outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic].Gaceta sanitaria · 2023Article
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3 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Socioeconomic conditions affect the dynamics of the Covid-19 pandemic. We analysed the association between area-level socioeconomic deprivation, proportion of non-nationals, and incidence of Covid-19 infections in Germany. Methods: Using linked nationally representative data at the level of 401 German districts from three waves of infection (January-2020 to May-2021), we fitted Bayesian spatiotemporal models to assess the association between socioeconomic deprivation, and proportion of non-nationals with Covid-19 incidence, controlling for age, sex, vaccination coverage, settlement structure, and spatial and temporal effects. We estimated risk ratios (RR) and corresponding 95% credible intervals (95% CrI). We further examined the deprivation domains (education, income, occupation), interactions between deprivation, sex and the proportion of non-nationals, and explored potential pathways from deprivation to Covid-19 incidence. Findings: Covid-19 incidence risk was 15% higher (RR=1·15, 95%-CrI=1·06-1·24) in areas classified with the highest deprivation quintile (Q5) compared to the least deprived areas (Q1). Medium-low (Q2), medium (Q3), and medium-high (Q4) deprived districts showed 6% (1·06, 1·00-1·12), 8% (1·08, 1·01-1·15), and 5% (1·05, 0·98-1·13) higher risk, respectively, compared to the least deprived. Districts with higher proportion of non-nationals showed higher incidence risk compared to districts with lowest proportion, but the association weakened across the three waves. During the first wave, an inverse association was observed with highest incidence risk in least deprived areas (Q1). Deprivation interacted with sex, but not with the proportion of non-nationals. Interpretation: Socioeconomic deprivation, and proportion of non-nationals are independently associated with the incidence of Covid-19. Regional planning of non-pharmaceutical interventions and vaccination strategies would benefit from consideration of area-level deprivation and non-national residency. Funding: The study was funded by the German Ministry of Health (ZMV I 1 - 25 20 COR 410).
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