ArticlePsychological research2023
When time stands upright: STEARC effects along the vertical axis.
Article in Psychological research, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed.
- Changing speed along the mental line: A SNARC-like effect for visual acceleration.Psychonomic bulletin & review · 2026Article
- Spatial associations for slow musical tempos are revealed by increased stimulus density.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Explicit and implicit spatial mapping of face age.Psychological research · 2026Article
- Representation of Autobiographical Memories Along a Sagittal Front-to-Back Mental Timeline: Evidence from Mandarin Speakers.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Spatial representation of serial order in working memory: a cross-cultural comparison between Japanese and Italian adults.Psychological research · 2026Article
- Culture shapes the SNARC-like effect for visual speed.Psychonomic bulletin & review · 2026Article
- Spatial response-code association for loudness but not brightness.Perception · 2025Article
- Attention Dynamics in Spatial-Temporal Contexts.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- A SNARC-like effect for visual speed.Attention, perception & psychophysics · 2025Article
- Dichotomous horizontal representation of acute deterioration risk on illnesses.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Keeping track of time: Horizontal spatial biases for hours, days, and months.Memory & cognition · 2024Article
- Analogue magnitude representation of angles and its relation to geometric expertise.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- It's SNARC o' clock: manipulating the salience of the context in a conceptual replication of Bächtold et al.'s (1998) clockface study.Psychological research · 2024Article
- Vertical Mental Timeline Is Not Influenced by VisuoSpatial Processing.Brain sciences · 2024Article
- Article
- Space-time mapping relationships in sensorimotor communication during asymmetric joint action.PeerJ · 2024Article
- Temporal speed prevails on interval duration in the SNARC-like effect for tempo.Attention, perception & psychophysics · 2024Article
- A pilot study of how the past, present, and future are represented in three-dimensional space.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
- A systematic investigation reveals that Ishihara et al.'s (2008) STEARC effect only emerges when time is directly assessed.Scientific reports · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
According to the spatial-temporal association of response codes (STEARC) effect, time can be spatially represented from left to right. However, exploration of a possible STEARC effect along the vertical axis has yielded mixed results. Here, in six experiments based on a novel paradigm, we systematically explored whether a STEARC effect could emerge when participants were asked to classify the actual temporal duration of a visual stimulus. Speeded manual responses were provided using a vertically oriented response box. Interestingly, although a top-to-bottom time representation emerged when only two temporal durations were employed, an inverted bottom-to-top time representation emerged when a denser set of temporal durations, arranged along a continuum, was used. Moreover, no STEARC effects emerged when participants classified the shapes of visual stimuli rather than their temporal duration. Finally, three additional experiments explored the STEARC effect along the horizontal axis, confirming that the paradigm we devised successfully replicated the standard left-to-right representation of time. These results provide supporting evidence for the notion that temporal durations can be mapped along the vertical axis, and that such mapping appears to be relatively flexible.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.