ArticleJournal of the neurological sciences2022
Neurological long-COVID in the outpatient clinic: Two subtypes, two courses.
Article in Journal of the neurological sciences, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review to find link between past psychiatric history and development of long covid.BMC psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Oral Manifestations in the Post COVID-19 Condition: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis.Reviews in medical virology · 2025Pooled it
- Identifying subtypes of Long COVID: a systematic review.EClinicalMedicine · 2026Article
- The Experience of Long COVID Among American Indian Individuals in Three Great Plains Communities.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Cognitive Impairments in Two Samples of Individuals with ME/CFS and Long COVID: A Comparative Analysis.Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings · 2025Article
- Neurological long COVID in the outpatient clinic: Is it so long?European journal of neurology · 2025Article
- Health Resort Treatment Mitigates Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Long COVID Patients: A Retrospective Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Article
- Long COVID Clusters of Symptoms Persist beyond Two Years after Infection: Insights from the CARDIO COVID 20-21 Registry.Viruses · 2024Article
- CHARACTERIZATION OF BASELINE SYMPTOMS AND FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMENTS IN A LARGE COHORT OF OUTPATIENTS ATTENDING A LONG COVID REHABILITATION CLINIC IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.Journal of rehabilitation medicine. Clinical communications · 2024Article
- Article
- Tachykinins and the potential causal factors for post-COVID-19 condition.The Lancet. Microbe · 2023Review
- Prevalence of Long COVID Symptoms Related to SARS-CoV-2 Strains.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- S2k-Guideline SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 and (early) rehabilitation - a consensus-based guideline for Germany.GMS hygiene and infection control · 2023Article
- The clinical neurophysiology of COVID-19-direct infection, long-term sequelae and para-immunization responses: A literature review.Clinical neurophysiology practice · 2023Review
- Psychological and Cognitive Effects of Long COVID: A Narrative Review Focusing on the Assessment and Rehabilitative Approach.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Review
- Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 symptom phenotypes and therapeutic strategies: A prospective, observational study.PloS one · 2022Observational
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Authors and funding
22 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionSymptoms referable to central and peripheral nervous system involvement are often evident both during the acute phase of COVID-19 infection and during long-COVID. In this study, we evaluated a population of patients with prior COVID-19 infection who showed signs and symptoms consistent with neurological long-COVID.
methodsWe prospectively collected demographic and acute phase course data from patients with prior COVID-19 infection who showed symptoms related to neurological involvement in the long-COVID phase. Firstly, we performed a multivariate logistic linear regression analysis to investigate the impact of demographic and clinical data, the severity of the acute COVID-19 infection and hospitalization course, on the post-COVID neurological symptoms at three months follow-up. Secondly, we performed an unsupervised clustering analysis to investigate whether there was evidence of different subtypes of neurological long COVID-19.
resultsOne hundred and nine patients referred to the neurological post-COVID outpatient clinic. Clustering analysis on the most common neurological symptoms returned two well-separated and well-balanced clusters: long-COVID type 1 contains the subjects with memory disturbances, psychological impairment, headache, anosmia and ageusia, while long-COVID type 2 contains all the subjects with reported symptoms related to PNS involvement. The analysis of potential risk-factors among the demographic, clinical presentation, COVID 19 severity and hospitalization course variables showed that the number of comorbidities at onset, the BMI, the number of COVID-19 symptoms, the number of non-neurological complications and a more severe course of the acute infection were all, on average, higher for the cluster of subjects with reported symptoms related to PNS involvement.
conclusionWe analyzed the characteristics of neurological long-COVID and presented a method to identify well-defined patient groups with distinct symptoms and risk factors. The proposed method could potentially enable treatment deployment by identifying the optimal interventions and services for well-defined patient groups, so alleviating long-COVID and easing recovery.
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