ArticleJournal of the neurological sciences2022
Diagnosis and classification of blepharospasm: Recommendations based on empirical evidence.
Article in Journal of the neurological sciences, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- An Exploratory, Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial of Dipraglurant for Blepharospasm.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2024Trial
- Shared and Specific Patterns of Brain Functional Network Abnormalities in Patients With Idiopathic Dystonia and Across Subtypes.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Article
- Segmental and Multifocal Isolated Dystonias: Similarities and Differences.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2026Article
- Definition and Classification of Dystonia.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2025Review
- Progressive thalamic nuclear atrophy in blepharospasm and blepharospasm-oromandibular dystonia.Brain communications · 2024Article
- An Empirical Comparison of Commonly Used Universal Rating Scales for Dystonia.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2023Article
- What Is Hemidystonia?Movement disorders clinical practice · 2023Article
- Anatomical categorization of isolated non-focal dystonia: novel and existing patterns using a data-driven approach.Dystonia (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 8 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundBlepharospasm is one of the most common subtypes of dystonia, and often spreads to other body regions. Despite published guidelines, the approach to diagnosis and classification of affected body regions varies among clinicians.
objectiveTo delineate the clinical features used by movement disorder specialists in the diagnosis and classification of blepharospasm according to body regions affected, and to develop recommendations for a more consistent approach.
methodsCross-sectional data for subjects diagnosed with all types of isolated dystonia were acquired from the Dystonia Coalition, an international, multicenter collaborative research network. Data were evaluated to determine how examinations recorded by movement disorder specialists were used to classify blepharospasm as focal, segmental, or multifocal.
resultsAmong all 3222 participants with isolated dystonia, 210 (6.5%) had a diagnosis of focal blepharospasm. Among these 210 participants, 34 (16.2%) had dystonia outside of upper face region. Factors such as dystonia severity across different body regions and number of body regions affected influenced the classification of blepharospasm as focal, segmental, or multifocal.
conclusionsAlthough focal blepharospasm is the second most common type of dystonia, a high percentage of individuals given this diagnosis had dystonia outside of the eye/upper face region. These findings are not consistent with existing guidelines for the diagnosis and classification of focal blepharospasm, and point to the need for more specific guidelines for more consistent application of existing recommendations for diagnosis and classification.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.