ReviewThe Lancet. Respiratory medicine2022
A core outcome set for post-COVID-19 condition in adults for use in clinical practice and research: an international Delphi consensus study.
Review in The Lancet. Respiratory medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 133 papers, 13 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
133 citing papers in PubMed, 13 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 225 citations in OpenAlex.
- Global prevalence of post-COVID-19 condition (Long COVID): a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.Frontiers in public health · 2026Pooled it
- COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comprehensive Meta-Review of Global Impacts, Responses, and Future Preparedness.The clinical respiratory journal · 2025Pooled it
- The risk of Long Covid symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled studies.Nature communications · 2025Pooled it
- Effectiveness and tolerance of exercise interventions for long COVID: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials.BMJ open · 2025Pooled it
- Functional Recovery of Adults Following Acute COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Physical therapy · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Long COVID among people with HIV: A systematic review and meta-analysis.HIV medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Interventions for the management of long covid (post-covid condition): living systematic review.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2024Pooled it
- ACCORD (ACcurate COnsensus Reporting Document): A reporting guideline for consensus methods in biomedicine developed via a modified Delphi.PLoS medicine · 2024Guideline
- Evidence-based position paper on physical and rehabilitation medicine professional practice for persons with COVID-19, including post COVID-19 condition: the European PRM position (UEMS PRM Section).European journal of physical and rehabilitation medicine · 2023Guideline
- Rehabilitation and COVID-19: systematic review by Cochrane Rehabilitation.European journal of physical and rehabilitation medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Prognostic Factors of COVID-19: An Umbrella Review Endorsed by the International Society for Pharmacoepidemiology.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2023Pooled it
- A systematic review of trials currently investigating therapeutic modalities for post-acute COVID-19 syndrome and registered on WHO International Clinical Trials Platform.Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases · 2023Pooled it
- Alteration of the Gut-Lung Axis After Severe COVID-19 Infection and Modulation Through Probiotics: A Randomized, Controlled Pilot Study.Nutrients · 2024Trial
- Long COVID in the general population: reassurance without dismissal.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2026Article
- Beyond Fatigue: The Fatigue Assessment Scale as a Potential Indicator of Long COVID Severity.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Health-related quality of life profiles and trajectories of patients with post COVID-19 condition: a latent Markov model.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2026Article
- Association between dietary inflammatory index, empirical dietary inflammatory patterns and the risk of Long COVID: a prospective cohort study.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Tele-rehabilitation for individuals with long COVID: a randomised clinical trial.ERJ open research · 2026Article
- Understanding the long-term neurological effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2026Review
73 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
21 authors at 11 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Health consequences that persist beyond the acute infection phase of COVID-19, termed post-COVID-19 condition (also commonly known as long COVID), vary widely and represent a growing global health challenge. Research on post-COVID-19 condition is expanding but, at present, no agreement exists on the health outcomes that should be measured in people living with the condition. To address this gap, we conducted an international consensus study, which included a comprehensive literature review and classification of outcomes for post-COVID-19 condition that informed a two-round online modified Delphi process followed by an online consensus meeting to finalise the core outcome set (COS). 1535 participants from 71 countries were involved, with 1148 individuals participating in both Delphi rounds. Eleven outcomes achieved consensus for inclusion in the final COS: fatigue; pain; post-exertion symptoms; work or occupational and study changes; survival; and functioning, symptoms, and conditions for each of cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous system, cognitive, mental health, and physical outcomes. Recovery was included a priori because it was a relevant outcome that was part of a previously published COS on COVID-19. The next step in this COS development exercise will be to establish the instruments that are most appropriate to measure these core outcomes. This international consensus-based COS should provide a framework for standardised assessment of adults with post-COVID-19 condition, aimed at facilitating clinical care and research worldwide.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.