ArticleBehavior research methods2023
Emoji-SP, the Spanish emoji database: Visual complexity, familiarity, frequency of use, clarity, and emotional valence and arousal norms for 1031 emojis.
Article in Behavior research methods, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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5 citing papers in PubMed.
- The impact of awareness on affective emoji priming in visual word recognition.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Emoji-Dis: A dataset of emojis characterised in 13 discrete emotions.Scientific data · 2025Article
- Affective, semantic, frequency, and descriptive norms for 107 face emojis.Behavior research methods · 2024Article
- Emojifying youth mental health research - Leveraging digital expressions in South Asia.Indian journal of psychiatry · 2024Article
- Mad or mad-mad: conveying subtle emotion with face emoji.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
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5 authors.
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Abstract
This article presents subjective norms for 1031 emojis in six dimensions: visual complexity, familiarity, frequency of use, clarity, emotional valence, and emotional arousal. This is the largest normative study conducted so far that relies on subjective ratings. Unlike the few existing normative studies, which mainly comprise face emojis, here we present a wide range of emoji categories. We also examine the correlations between the dimensions assessed. Our results show that, in terms of their affective properties, emojis are analogous to other stimuli, such as words, showing the expected U-shaped relationship between valence and arousal. The relationship between affective properties and other dimensions (e.g., between valence and familiarity) is also similar to the relationship observed in words, in the sense that positively valenced emojis are more familiar than negative ones. These findings suggest that emojis are suitable stimuli for studying affective processing. Emoji-SP will be highly valuable for researchers of various fields interested in emojis, including computer science, communication, linguistics, and psychology. The full set of norms is available at: https://osf.io/dtfjv/ .
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