ArticleDiabetes care2022
Dietary Protein Sources, Mediating Biomarkers, and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes: Findings From the Women's Health Initiative and the UK Biobank.
Article in Diabetes care, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 67 citations in OpenAlex.
- Total and specific potato intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from three US cohort studies and a substitution meta-analysis of prospective cohorts.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2025Pooled it
- Dietary protein and risk of type 2 diabetes: findings from a registry-based cohort study and a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.Nutrition & diabetes · 2025Pooled it
- Effects of whole grains on glycemic control: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials.Nutrition journal · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Protein intake and type 2 diabetes mellitus: an umbrella review of systematic reviews for the evidence-based guideline for protein intake of the German Nutrition Society.European journal of nutrition · 2024Pooled it
- Substitution of animal-based with plant-based foods on cardiometabolic health and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies.BMC medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Trial
- High-fat diet score reveals total and cardiovascular mortality and identifies protein biomarkers in large cohorts.Journal of advanced research · 2026Article
- Birth Weight, Adult Fat Distribution, and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Risk: Sex-Specific Study in a Large Prospective Cohort.Diabetes & metabolism journal · 2026Article
- Grain proteins ameliorate glucose metabolism disorders by activating intestinal AhR and the hepatic NLK/FOXO1 pathway via gut microbiota-derived indole metabolites.Journal of advanced research · 2026Article
- Plant-Based Nutrition and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Prevention, Risk, Metabolic Health and the Role of Legumes, Dietary Fiber, and Red Meat.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Design of Plant-Protein Meat Analogues: Integrating Nutrition, Functionality, and Fibrillation-Based Texturization.Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety · 2026Review
- Association between food group intakes and metabolic acidosis in patients with non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease.BMC nephrology · 2026Article
- Insulin Resistance as a Systemic Metabolic Risk State for Cancer: Mechanisms, Biomarkers, and Prevention.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- The moderating role of central adiposity, sex and age, on the association between animal- and plant-based protein intake and the 20-year cumulative incidence of type 2 diabetes: the ATTICA cohort study (2002-2022).European journal of nutrition · 2026Article
- Metabolites and proteins may mediate the relationship between diet quality and insulin sensitivity in young adult cohort.Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders · 2026Article
- Relationship between dietary inflammation index and progression of vitiligo.Nutrition journal · 2026Article
- The association between plant protein intake and cancer risk: a prospective cohort study.Nutrition journal · 2026Article
- The association between a pro-inflammatory diet and brain age in middle-aged and older adults.European journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Long-term time in target range for body mass index (BMI) and diabetes incidence: insights from CHARLS.Nutrition & diabetes · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 10 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveWhether and how dietary protein intake is linked to type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations of protein intake with development of T2D and the potential mediating roles of T2D biomarkers. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsWe included 108,681 postmenopausal women without T2D at baseline from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) (primary cohort) and 34,616 adults without T2D from the U.K. Biobank (UKB) (replication cohort). Cox proportional hazard models were used for estimation of protein-T2D associations. Mediation analysis was performed to assess the mediating roles of biomarkers in case-control studies nested in the WHI.
resultsIn the WHI, 15,842 incident T2D cases were identified during a median follow-up of 15.8 years. Intake of animal protein was associated with increased T2D risk (hazard ratio in comparing the highest to the lowest quintile = 1.31 [95% CI 1.24-1.37]) and plant protein with decreased risk (0.82 [0.78-0.86]). Intakes of red meat, processed meat, poultry, and eggs were associated with increased T2D risk and whole grains with decreased risk. Findings from the UKB were similar. These findings were materially attenuated after additional adjustment for BMI. Substituting 5% energy from plant protein for animal protein was associated with 21% decreased T2D risk (0.79 [0.74-0.84]), which was mediated by levels of hs-CRP, interleukin-6, leptin, and SHBG.
conclusionsFindings from these two large prospective cohorts support the notion that substituting plant protein for animal protein may decrease T2D risk mainly by reducing obesity-related inflammation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.