ArticleArtificial organs2022
Encoding of spatial patterns using electrotactile stimulation via a multi-pad electrode placed on the torso.
Article in Artificial organs, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Novel System for Physiological Signal Monitoring and Health-Informed Electrotactile Feedback for First Responders.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Encoding contact size using static and dynamic electrotactile finger stimulation: natural decoding vs. trained cues.Experimental brain research · 2024Article
- Electrotactile Communication via Matrix Electrode Placed on the Torso Using Fast Calibration, and Static vs. Dynamic Encoding.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Encoding of spatial patterns using electrotactile stimulation via a multi-pad electrode placed on the torso.Artificial organs · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTactile stimulation can be used to convey information to a user in different scenarios while avoiding overloading other senses. Tactile messages can be transmitted as spatial patterns, potentially allowing for a high information throughput. The aim of the present study was to design and test different encoding schemes to determine the best approach for conveying spatial patterns.
methodsEncoding schemes with simultaneous (SIM) and sequential pad activation (SEQ) were evaluated, including four SEQ variants designed to potentially facilitate the recognition. In SEQ-col and SEQ-row, the column and row of the activated pad were signified using different frequencies, while SEQ-all and SEQ-all-fast included the activation of all pads where those belonging to the pattern were indicated by changes in frequency (ON pads). The success rate (SR) of the pattern identification and the response time were quantified in 15 participants who recognized 20 patterns delivered through a 3 × 2 pad matrix placed on the lateral torso.
resultsSIM was not a feasible method to present the patterns (median, 15%; IQR, 5%). The SR improved with SEQ (median, 60%; IQR, 20%) and further increased with additional cues, particularly with SEQ-row (median, 78.3%; IQR, 23.3%) and SEQ-all (median, 96.7%; IQR, 5%). Importantly, the stimulation time of SEQ-all could be decreased without a substantial drop in accuracy (SEQ-all-fast: median, 89.2%; IQR, 19.2%).
conclusionsThe spatiotemporal stimulation with sequential activation of all pads (SEQ-all) seems to be the method of choice when conveying tactile messages as spatial patterns. This is an important outcome for increasing the information bandwidth of communication through the tactile channel.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.