ReviewFrontiers in molecular biosciences2022
Pathophysiological Significance of GM3 Ganglioside Molecular Species With a Particular Attention to the Metabolic Syndrome Focusing on Toll-Like Receptor 4 Binding.
Review in Frontiers in molecular biosciences, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- LC-MS-Based Analytical Strategies for Ganglioside Profiling.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2026Review
- Fructose uptake by brown adipose tissue is independent of carbohydrate response element-binding protein and does not cause elevatedActa biochimica et biophysica Sinica · 2025Article
- The Emerging Role of Sialic Acids in Obesity and Diabetes: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Perspectives.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Wildfire smoke induces GM3 ganglioside lipid accumulation and transcriptomic shifts in mouse lung tissue: A smoke signal story.The Science of the total environment · 2025Article
- Review
- Sphingolipids: Less Enigmatic but Still Many Questions about the Role(s) of Ceramide in the Synthesis/Function of the Ganglioside Class of Glycosphingolipids.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Perioperative changes in ganglioside monosialodihexosylganglioside (GM3) molecular species for benign prostatic hyperplasia: a preliminary report.Translational andrology and urology · 2024Article
- Glycosphingolipids in Diabetes, Oxidative Stress, and Cardiovascular Disease: Prevention in Experimental Animal Models.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Ganglioside GM3-Functionalized Reconstituted High-Density Lipoprotein (GM3-rHDL) as a Novel Nanocarrier Enhances Antiatherosclerotic Efficacy of Statins in apoEPharmaceutics · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
GM3 ganglioside, the first molecule in ganglioside family biosynthesis, is formed by transfer of sialic acid to lactosylceramide. Several dozen GM3 molecular species exist, based on diversity of ceramide structures. Among ceramide structures composed of sphingosine and fatty acids, there is a great diversity resulting from different combinations of chain length, hydroxylation, and unsaturation of fatty acid chains. Expression patterns of GM3 species in serum vary during pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome. Physiological activity of each species, and significance of the variability, are poorly understood. Our studies revealed that GM3 species with differing fatty acid structures act as pro- or anti-inflammatory endogenous Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) ligands. Very long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) and α-hydroxyl VLCFA GM3 variants strongly enhanced TLR4 activation. In contrast, long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) and ω-9 unsaturated VLCFA GM3 variants suppressed TLR4 activation. GM3 interacted with extracellular TLR4/myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD-2) complex, thereby promoting dimerization/oligomerization. In obesity and metabolic syndrome, VLCFA-variant GM3 species were elevated in serum and adipose tissue, whereas LCFA-variant species were reduced, and such imbalances were correlated with disease progression. Our findings summarized in this review demonstrate that GM3 molecular species are disease-related endogenous TLR4 ligands and modulate homeostatic and pathogenic innate immune responses.
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