Exposure Science in the 21st Century: Advancing the Science and Technology of Environmental Sensors through Cooperation and Collaboration across U.S. Federal Agencies.

The convergence of technological innovations in areas such as microelectronics, fabrication, the Internet-of-things (IoT), and smartphones, along with their associated "apps", permeates many aspects of life. To that list we now can add environmental monitoring. Once the sole purview of governments and academics in research, this sector is currently experiencing a transformation that is democratizing monitoring with inexpensive, portable commodities available through online retailers. However, as with any emerging area, several challenges and infrastructural hurdles must be addressed before this technology can be fully adopted and its potential be realized. A unique aspect of environmental sensing that differentiates it from some other technology sectors is its strong intersection and overlap with governance, public policy, public health, and national security-all of which contain some element of inherent governmental function. This paper advocates for and addresses the role of sensors in exposure science and illustrates areas in which improved coordination and leveraging of investments by government have helped and would catalyze further development of this technology sector.