ArticleJournal of biomedical optics2022
3D-printed tissue-simulating phantoms for near-infrared fluorescence imaging of rheumatoid diseases.
Article in Journal of biomedical optics, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Optical phantoms for the characterization and validation of imaging and spectroscopy: a review.Biophotonics discovery · 2026Review
- Advanced optical phantom mimicking microvascular and directed blood flow in mouse brain.Biomedical engineering letters · 2026Article
- Human Skin Models in Biophotonics: Materials, Methods, and Applications.Advanced healthcare materials · 2025Review
- Direct 3-D printing of complex optical phantoms using dynamic filament mixing.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Fabrication of complex optical phantoms using on-the-fly multi-filament mixing 3-D printing.Research square · 2024Article
- Development of silicone-based phantoms for biomedical optics from 400 to 1550 nm.Biomedical optics express · 2024Article
- Biomimetic tissue phantoms for neurosurgical near-infrared fluorescence imaging.Neurophotonics · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
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Abstract
significanceFluorescence imaging of rheumatoid diseases with indocyanine green (ICG) is an emerging technique with unique potential for diagnosis and therapy. Device characterization, monitoring of the performance, and further developments of the technique require tissue-equivalent fluorescent phantoms of high stability with appropriate anatomical shapes.
aimOur investigations aim at the development of a three-dimensional (3D) printing technique to fabricate hand and finger models with appropriate optical properties in the near-infrared spectral range. These phantoms should have fluorescence properties similar to ICG, and excellent photostability and durability over years. APPROACH: We modified a 3D printing methacrylate photopolymer by adding the fluorescent dye Lumogen IR 765 to the raw material. Reduced scattering and absorption coefficients were adjusted to values representative of the human hand by incorporating titanium dioxide powder and black ink. The properties of printed phantoms of various compositions were characterized using UV/Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, and time-resolved measurements. Photostability and bleaching were investigated with a hand imager. For comparison, several phantoms with ICG as fluorescent dye were printed and characterized as well.
resultsThe spectral properties of Lumogen IR 765 are very similar to those of ICG. By optimizing the concentrations of Lumogen, titanium dioxide, and ink, anatomically shaped hand and vessel models with properties equivalent to in vivo investigations with a fluorescence hand imager could be printed. Phantoms with Lumogen IR 765 had an excellent photostability over up to 4 years. In contrast, phantoms printed with ICG showed significant bleaching and degradation of fluorescence over time.
conclusions3D printing of phantoms with Lumogen IR 765 is a promising method for fabricating anatomically shaped fluorescent tissue models of excellent stability with spectral properties similar to ICG. The phantoms are well-suited to monitor the performance of hand imagers. Concepts can easily be transferred to other fluorescence imaging applications of ICG.
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