SynthesisPloS one2022
Risk factors for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: A worldwide systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 57 papers, 9 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
57 citing papers in PubMed, 9 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 101 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence and determinants of drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis in the MENA region: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ open respiratory research · 2026Pooled it
- The Effectiveness of Contact Tracing to Reduce Transmission of Infectious Diseases During Epidemic or Pandemic Response: Rapid Systematic Review.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2026Pooled it
- Epidemiology and risk factors of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Saudi Arabia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2026Pooled it
- Tracking the evolution of tuberculosis research priorities in Africa: a longitudinal bibliometric analysis from 2003-2023.Frontiers in research metrics and analytics · 2026Pooled it
- Truenat MTB assays for pulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in adults and adolescents.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Multidrug Resistance Tuberculosis in the Context of Co-Infection in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of epidemiology and global health · 2025Pooled it
- Molecular detection of rifampicin-resistantFrontiers in medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Global prevalence of drug-resistant tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2023Pooled it
- Improved outcomes following addition of bedaquiline and clofazimine to a treatment regimen for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.The Journal of international medical research · 2023Trial
- Antimicrobial Armageddon: The Professional Guide to Conquering Antibiotic Resistance.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Article
- Evaluating Treatment and Safety Outcomes of a Shorter Regimen for Drug-Resistant TB in Nigeria: An Implementation Research Study.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2026Article
- Drug Resistance and Risk Factors of Bacteriologically Confirmed Tuberculosis Cases in 10 Sites - Hunan Province, China, 2018-2025.China CDC weekly · 2026Article
- Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Rural Eastern Cape, South Africa: Clinical, Bacteriological, and Programmatic Predictors of Poor Treatment Outcomes.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Whole-Genome Sequencing and Phenotypic Drug Susceptibility Testing of Bedaquilin, Delamanid, Pretomanid, and Linezolid in Drug-ResistantPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis in Nangarhar, Afghanistan: prevalence and risk factors.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Observational
- Risk factors and prediction modeling for drug-resistant tuberculosis in Shenzhen: a 9-year retrospective study.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Drug-resistant tuberculosis in Lishui, China: first-line drug resistance patterns, trends, and risk factors from a 10-year retrospective study (2015-2024).Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Wild-type MIC distribution and evaluation of epidemiological cut-offs of second-line TB-drugs in susceptible and MDR-TB clinical isolates from Chennai, India.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Retreatment TB is a risk factor for multidrug-resistant TB among people with HIV in rural eastern Uganda: A nested case-control study.Journal of clinical tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSince multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a significant public health problem worldwide, identifying associated risk factors is critical for developing appropriate control strategies.
methodsA systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted for identifying factors independently predicting MDR-TB. The random-effects model was used to determine pooled odds ratios (ORs) and respective 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the related factors.
resultsOf the 2301 retrieved reports, 28 studies were analyzed, assessing 3152 MDR-TB and 52715 DS-TB cases. Totally 22 related factors were analyzed. The pooled ORs were 1.478 (95%CI 1.077-2.028) for positive sputum AFB smear, 1.716 (95%CI 1.149-2.564) for lung cavity, 6.078 (95%CI 2.903-12.725) for previous TB disease and 5.427 (95%CI 3.469-8.490) for a history of anti-TB therapy. All Z test p values were below 0.05, indicating these parameters were significantly associated with MDR-TB.
conclusionsPositive sputum AFB smear, lung cavity, previously diagnosed TB and a history of anti-TB therapy are significant risk factors for MDR-TB, which are independent of the clinical setting worldwide. Increased attention should be paid to cases with such parameters to achieve more effective TB control and avoid MDR-TB through the development of a global policy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.