ReviewFrontiers in medicine2022
Overview of Checkpoint Inhibitors Mechanism of Action: Role of Immune-Related Adverse Events and Their Treatment on Progression of Underlying Cancer.
Review in Frontiers in medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 60 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
60 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 82 citations in OpenAlex.
- Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance for Cardiotoxicity Caused by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Reviews in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Pooled it
- TIR domain proteins: regulatory mechanisms in the tumor immune microenvironment, clinical translation strategies, and prospects for precision therapy applications.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- The entanglement of extracellular matrix molecules and immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer: a systematic review of the literature.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Pooled it
- Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy with or without bevacizumab in East Asian participants with persistent, recurrent, or metastatic cervical cancer: results from KEYNOTE-826 final analysis.Journal of gynecologic oncology · 2025Trial
- Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in the Tumor Microenvironment: Mechanisms, Immune Regulation, and Implications for Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Current landscape of drug induced retinal vasculitis.Journal of ophthalmic inflammation and infection · 2026Review
- Simultaneous Quantification of Multiple Immune Checkpoint Interactions in Melanoma.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Ophthalmic Immune-Related Adverse Events in Cancer Immunotherapy: Tissue-Specific Mechanisms, Clinical Phenotypes, and Consensus-Based Management.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Article
- ROS Self-Supply Nanoplatform Based on Fenton Catalyst for Chemodynamic and Immunotherapy: Reprogramming Cold Tumor Into Hot Tumor in Cancer Treatment.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- [Could the administration of immune checkpoint inhibitors be discontinued after 2 years of application? Pros and cons for the development of a national guideline.]Magyar onkologia · 2026Review
- Safety of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Patients With Preexisting Autoimmune Vasculitis.ACR open rheumatology · 2026Article
- A responder-informed gut microbial consortium enhances anti-PD-1 efficacy in a mouse cancer model.Microbiome research reports · 2026Article
- Treatment-Refractory Hypothyroidism due to Proteinuria During Combined Immune Checkpoint and Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Therapy - A Case Report.Clinical medicine insights. Endocrinology and diabetes · 2026Article
- Comprehensive Review of Immunotherapy in Colorectal Cancer: From Mechanisms to Nursing Interventions.ImmunoTargets and therapy · 2026Review
- Article
- Ocular adverse events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a pharmacovigilance analysis of the FAERS database.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Glioblastoma as a neuro-immune network disorder: rethinking the tumor microenvironment, neural circuit integration, and therapeutic resistance.Oncology reviews · 2026Review
- Loss of Ribosomal Protein L22 (RPL22) Expression Identifies a Transcriptional Subset of MLH1-Deficient Endometrial Cancers With Lower Numbers of Tumor-Associated Lymphocytes.Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc · 2026Article
- Improving T cell expansion by optogenetically engineered bacteria-loaded MMP-2-responsive cyclophosphamide for antitumor immunotherapy.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In recent years, immunotherapy-based regimens have been included into the treatment's algorithm of several cancer types. Programmed death-1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) interact with their ligands found on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC) or tumor cells (PD-L1/2 and CD80/86). Through these interactions, stimulatory or inhibitory signals are established. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), block these interactions, and when administered not only as monotherapy but also as part of combination regimens, have shown to improve survival results in multiple advanced cancers leading to an increasing number of patients treated with ICI and, as a consequence, a rise in the number of patients developing immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Presence of irAEs has been associated with greater benefit from treatment, especially when blocking PD-L1. Recent data suggests that treatment benefit persists after discontinuation of ICIs due to a treatment related adverse event, regardless of the grade. Patients experiencing grade 3-4 irAEs are at risk of toxicity recurrence after reintroducing immunotherapy and therefore, the decision to resume the treatment is challenging. In these cases, a multidisciplinary approach is always needed and several factors should be considered. Management of severe toxicities may require systemic corticosteroids which can impact on T-cell function. Due to their immunosuppressive properties, it is necessary to deeper determine how corticosteroids influence responses. In terms of overall survival (OS), the use of steroids as therapy for irAEs seems not to reduce OS and several studies have reported durable responses in patients experiencing autoimmune toxicities treated with corticosteroids.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.