ArticleEpilepsia2022
The ILAE consensus classification of focal cortical dysplasia: An update proposed by an ad hoc task force of the ILAE diagnostic methods commission.
Article in Epilepsia, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 193 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
193 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 325 citations in OpenAlex.
- Molecular Signature in Focal Cortical Dysplasia: A Systematic Review of RNA and Protein Data.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Pooled it
- ESR Essentials: Image evaluation of patients with seizures and epilepsy-practice recommendations by the European Society of Neuroradiology.European radiology · 2025Guideline
- Efficacy and safety of everolimus for patients with focal cortical dysplasia type 2.Epilepsia open · 2025Trial
- Effectiveness of Internet + E-Coach chronic disease management on blood glucose, lipid levels, liver function, and quality of life in patients with chronic diabetic retinopathy: a comparative study.BMC ophthalmology · 2024Trial
- Mosaic human cortical organoids model mTOR-related focal cortical dysplasia through DEPDC5 deletion.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Associations of Cortical and Subcortical White Matter Morphometric Abnormalities With Clinical and Genetic Findings inNeurology. Genetics · 2026Article
- Volume-inflation registration (INFREG) for morphometric analysis of human focal cortical dysplasia type II.iScience · 2026Article
- Genetic Diagnosis in Epilepsy: Implications for Clinical Management.Current neurology and neuroscience reports · 2026Review
- Quantifying extra-lesional interhemispheric cortical asymmetry in focal cortical dysplasia type II.Epilepsia open · 2026Article
- Focal Cortical Dysplasia Type II: Somatic Mutations, Molecular Mechanisms, and Integrative Multi-Omics Framework.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Review
- Artificial intelligence-based statistical modeling delineates architectural distortion in focal cortical dysplasia.Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Comparison of volume- and surface-based magnetic resonance imaging morphometry algorithms in the detection of focal cortical dysplasia.Epilepsia · 2026Article
- Article
- Alpha-B-crystallin immunohistochemistry: A sensitive but non-specific marker for epileptogenic lesions.Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Mild malformation of cortical development with oligodendroglial hyperplasia in epilepsy (MOGHE): genetics, mechanisms and precision therapy.Acta neuropathologica · 2026Review
- Characteristics and long-term outcomes of children with confirmed focal cortical dysplasia type 1 after epilepsy surgery: A population-based study.Epilepsia open · 2026Article
- Enhanced detection of subtle cortical abnormalities in focal epilepsy using 7 T MRI surface-based models and graph neural networks.Neuroradiology · 2026Article
- Structural and Quantitative MRI Signal Features in Pediatric Focal Cortical Dysplasia: Clinical Relevance.Physiological research · 2026Article
- Clinicopathologic characterization of a non-expansile, epilepsy-associated neocortical lesion with BRAF K601E mutation.Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology · 2026Article
- Single-nucleus transcriptomics-based drug screening platform for focal cortical dysplasia.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
133 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
26 authors at 18 institutions in 13 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Ongoing challenges in diagnosing focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) mandate continuous research and consensus agreement to improve disease definition and classification. An International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) Task Force (TF) reviewed the FCD classification of 2011 to identify existing gaps and provide a timely update. The following methodology was applied to achieve this goal: a survey of published literature indexed with ((Focal Cortical Dysplasia) AND (epilepsy)) between 01/01/2012 and 06/30/2021 (n = 1349) in PubMed identified the knowledge gained since 2012 and new developments in the field. An online survey consulted the ILAE community about the current use of the FCD classification scheme with 367 people answering. The TF performed an iterative clinico-pathological and genetic agreement study to objectively measure the diagnostic gap in blood/brain samples from 22 patients suspicious for FCD and submitted to epilepsy surgery. The literature confirmed new molecular-genetic characterizations involving the mechanistic Target Of Rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in FCD type II (FCDII), and SLC35A2 in mild malformations of cortical development (mMCDs) with oligodendroglial hyperplasia (MOGHE). The electro-clinical-imaging phenotypes and surgical outcomes were better defined and validated for FCDII. Little new information was acquired on clinical, histopathological, or genetic characteristics of FCD type I (FCDI) and FCD type III (FCDIII). The survey identified mMCDs, FCDI, and genetic characterization as fields for improvement in an updated classification. Our iterative clinico-pathological and genetic agreement study confirmed the importance of immunohistochemical staining, neuroimaging, and genetic tests to improve the diagnostic yield. The TF proposes to include mMCDs, MOGHE, and "no definite FCD on histopathology" as new categories in the updated FCD classification. The histopathological classification can be further augmented by advanced neuroimaging and genetic studies to comprehensively diagnose FCD subtypes; these different levels should then be integrated into a multi-layered diagnostic scheme. This update may help to foster multidisciplinary efforts toward a better understanding of FCD and the development of novel targeted treatment options.
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Registered trials
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