ArticleJournal for immunotherapy of cancer2022
Real-world incidence and impact of pneumonitis in patients with lung cancer treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a multi-institutional cohort study.
Article in Journal for immunotherapy of cancer, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 60 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
60 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 82 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk factors for checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis in lung cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- The impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on the risk of immune-related pneumonitis in lung cancer patients undergoing immunotherapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Corticosteroid-resistant immune-related adverse events: a systematic review.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2024Pooled it
- Risk factors for relapse of immune-related pneumonitis after 6-week oral prednisolone therapy: a follow-up analysis of a phase II study.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2024Trial
- Six-week oral prednisolone therapy for immune-related pneumonitis: a single-arm phase II study.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2023Trial
- Pneumonitis Associated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Targeted Anticancer Therapies: A Retrospective Case Series of 12 Patients.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Single-cell hdWGCNA identifies checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis-linked CD4 + T-cell subsets driving immunotherapy response and prognosis in lung cancer.Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology · 2026Article
- Radiotherapy patterns and factors associated with pneumonitis in PACIFIC-R, a real-world study of patients with unresectable stage III non-small-cell lung cancer treated with durvalumab after chemoradiotherapy.Clinical and translational radiation oncology · 2026Article
- Narrative review of the similarities and differences between immune checkpoint inhibitor- and antibody-drug conjugate-associated pneumonitis.Translational lung cancer research · 2026Review
- Predictive value of combined inflammatory and coagulation markers for immune-related pneumonitis in non-small cell lung cancer patients on immunotherapy: a retrospective cohort study.Journal of thoracic disease · 2026Article
- Drug-Induced Interstitial Lung Disease in Lung Cancer Patients.Respiration; international review of thoracic diseases · 2026Review
- Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis: from pathophysiological window to a precision diagnostic tool.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Metagenomic next-generation sequencing for diagnosis of immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated pneumonitis: a retrospective comparative clinical performance study.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Associations between Immune-related Adverse Events and Prognosis in Cancer Patients Receiving Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy.Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) · 2026Review
- Respiratory adverse events associated with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors: an analysis based on the FDA adverse event reporting system.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Checkpoint inhibitor-associated pneumonitis in non-small cell lung cancer: a cohort study with transcriptomic analysis of inflammatory mechanisms.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2025Article
- Risk factors and mechanisms of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Review
- Checkpoint Inhibitor Pneumonitis: Key Insights for Pulmonologists.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Review
- Utility of bronchoalveolar lavage in checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis evaluation: a narrative review.Translational lung cancer research · 2025Review
- Bevacizumab reduces PD-L1 Not PD-1 inhibitor-associated pneumonitis in non-small cell lung cancer patients.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2025Observational
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have improved survival and are increasingly used for non-small cell lung cancer. However, use may be limited by immune-related adverse events such as checkpoint-inhibitor pneumonitis (CIP). Literature estimates for CIP incidence are inconsistent. Real-world adherence to guidelines, clinical course, and healthcare utilization in the treatment of CIP has not been described in large cohorts.
methodsA combined claims and electronic health record database (TriNetX) was used to identify 13,113 patients with lung cancer treated with programmed cell death receptor/ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) inhibitors, and a propensity score-matched control cohort treated with chemotherapy or targeted therapies. The attributable risk of CIP was calculated in the first 12 months after therapy by comparing the incidence of diagnosis codes for pneumonitis/pneumonia between cohorts. Cases of CIP, identified by the most specific code for drug-induced respiratory conditions, were further analyzed for medication usage, rates of diagnostic bronchoscopy, ICI discontinuation rates, and usage of hospital services compared with patients receiving PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors who did not develop CIP.
resultsThe attributable risk of pneumonitis to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors was 2.49% (95% CI, 1.50% to 3.47%). Median time to onset in the CIP subcohort was 3.9 months (IQR, 2.1-7.3 months). Steroid and antibiotic use increased dramatically after a pneumonitis diagnosis, and 70.2% of patients permanently discontinued ICI therapy. Compared with controls, patients with CIP had more than a threefold increased risk of needing critical care (relative risk 3.59, 95% CI, 2.31 to 5.57) and an increased risk of mortality (HR 2.34, 95% CI, 1.47 to 3.71).
conclusionsIn a large claims-based analysis, PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors increase the risk of pneumonitis in patients with lung cancer by 2.49%. Cases of CIP are associated with high healthcare utilization, discontinuation of ICIs, and mortality.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.