ReviewClinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology2022
Causes of Botulinum Toxin Treatment Failure.
Review in Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 9 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Botulinum Toxin A Myths, Evidence, and Global Media Narratives.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2026Review
- Anticholinergic Burden and Botulinum Toxin Needs after Deep Brain Stimulation in Adult and Pediatric Patients with Dystonia.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2026Article
- Reversal of partial botulinum toxin A resistance following Janus kinase inhibition with tofacitinib: A case series.JAAD case reports · 2025Article
- The Effects of Botulinum Toxin on Vascular Diameter: A Preliminary Report.Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2025Article
- Office-based facial plastics procedures: Neuromodulators.World journal of otorhinolaryngology - head and neck surgery · 2023Review
- Low-Dose OnabotulinumtoxinA using Seven-Point Pattern Intradermal Injections in Patients with Moderate-to-intolerable Primary Axillary Hyperhidrosis: A Single-Blinded, Side-by-Side Randomized Trial.The Journal of clinical and aesthetic dermatology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this article is to review the cause of botulinum toxin (BT) failure and determine the ways to minimize the risks of its occurrence. Methods: A PubMed and Google Scholar literature search was conducted with the search terms botulinum toxin, treatment, failure, causes, and prevention. Fifteen relevant articles were found and used as the scientific base for this article. Results: The failure of BT therapy is associated with immunogenic and non-immunogenic causes and the formation of neutralizing antibodies toward the active components of BT or the complexing proteins. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) testing and mouse hemidiaphragm assay (MHA) can diagnose the failure. The risk of developing treatment failure can be minimized by using complexing protein-free formulations, selecting a treatment regimen with the least immunogenicity, proper injection technique, and gentle product handling. Conclusion: The treatment failure can compromise the success of BT treatment. Current medical literature shows controversial evidence for and against BT immunogenicity. Therefore, the cause of BT failure is likely to be multifactorial.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.