ArticleSSM - population health2022
Association between informal employment and depressive symptoms in 11 cities in Latin America.
Article in SSM - population health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between maternity leave policies and postpartum depression: a systematic review.Archives of women's mental health · 2023Pooled it
- Psychosocial Risks in Informal Employment: A Scoping Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Absence of a Written Employment Contract and Health Outcomes Among Employed Adults in Chile.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Youth washing as a corporate social responsibility tactic of health-harming industries.Health promotion international · 2026Article
- Effects of occupational factors on depression in Chinese veterans: a fsQCA study based on 2022 CFPS data.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Employment status, occupational profile, and common mental disorders among workers in urban informal settlements in Brazil.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Mental health and macroeconomics: economic and social determinants that explain suicide in Ecuador.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Characterising access to healthcare and the health status of women domestic workers in Peru: a respondent-driven sampling study.BMJ public health · 2026Article
- The burden of depression among women of childbearing age globally from 1990 to 2019.Archives of medical science : AMS · 2025Article
- Urban Environments, Health, and Environmental Sustainability: Findings From the SALURBAL Study.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2024Review
- Impact of informal employment on individuals' psychological well-being: microevidence from China.International journal of mental health systems · 2024Article
- A two-pronged approach to understanding reciprocity and mental health relationship in developing countries: evidence from young informal construction workers in Nigeria.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Ramifications of Precarious Employment for Health and Health Inequity: Emerging Trends from the Americas.Annual review of public health · 2024Review
- Informal employment as a fundamental determinant of mental health in Latin America and the Caribbean.Lancet (London, England) · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Background: Mental health is an important contributor to the global burden of disease, and depression is the most prevalent mental disorder in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). Informal jobs, often characterized by precarious working conditions, low wages, and limited employment benefits, are also highly prevalent in LAC and may be associated with poorer mental health. Our study tests the association between informal employment and major depressive symptoms in LAC cities. Methods: We used individual-level data collected by the Development Bank of Latin America via their "Encuesta CAF" (ECAF) 2016, a cross-sectional household survey of 11 LAC cities (N = 5430). Depressive symptoms were measured using the 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Short Depression Scale with possible total score ranging from 0 to 30. Scores were dichotomized, with a score Results: Overall, individuals employed in informal jobs had a 27% higher prevalence of major depressive symptoms (Prevalence Ratio [PR]: 1.27; 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.00, 1.62) compared to those in formal jobs. The prevalence of depressive symptoms among individuals with informal jobs was higher compared to those with formal jobs in both women (PR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.74) and men (PR: 1.22; 95% CI: 0.90, 1.65). Conclusions: Informal employment in LAC was associated with a higher prevalence of major depressive symptoms. It is important to develop policies aiming at reducing informal jobs and increasing universal social protection for informal workers.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.