ArticleBMJ open2022
Prevalence of and factors associated with tobacco smoking in the Gambia: a national cross-sectional study.
Article in BMJ open, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed.
- Tobacco Smoking and Cardiovascular Health in Africa: Trends, Interventions, and Policy Implications-A Narrative Review.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Tobacco use and associated factors among adults in Ghana: evidence from the 2022 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey.BMJ open · 2026Article
- Determinants of tobacco use among men aged 15 to 59 in Sub Sahara Africa: a multilevel mixed effect logistic regression analysis.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Tobacco use patterns and associated factors among youth in Kampala's informal settlements: a cross-sectional study in Bwaise.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Exploring explainable machine learning algorithms to model predictors of tobacco use among men in Sub Sahara Africa between 2018 and 2023.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- A nonlinear decomposition analysis of the rural-urban disparities in tobacco use among women in sub-Saharan Africa.PloS one · 2025Article
- The impact of health literacy on smoking patterns among male residents: insights from Ningbo City.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Tobacco Use and Associated Factors Among Men in Tanzania: Further Analysis of the 2022 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey Data.Tobacco use insights · 2024Article
- Tobacco use in Haiti: findings from demographic and health survey.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Prevalence of Smoking Various Tobacco Types in the Kazakhstani Adult Population in 2021: A Cross-Sectional Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
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8 authors.
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Abstract
objectivesTo examine the prevalence of and risk factors associated with tobacco smoking in the Gambia.
designA nationwide cross-sectional study.
settingThe Gambia.
participantsThe study participants were both women and men aged between 15 and 49 years old. We included 16,066 men and women in our final analysis. DATA ANALYSIS: We analysed data from the Gambia Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), 2019-2020. DHS collected nationally stratified data from local government areas and rural-urban areas. The outcome variable was the prevalence of tobacco smoking. Descriptive analysis, prevalence and logistic regression methods were used to analyse data to identify the potential determinants of tobacco smoking.
resultsThe response rate was 93%. The prevalence of current tobacco smoking was 9.92% in the Gambia in 2019-2020, of which, 81% of the consumers smoked tobacco daily. Men (19.3%) smoked tobacco much higher than women (0.65%) (p<0.001). People aged 40-49 years, with lower education, and manual workers were the most prevalent group of smoking in the Gambia (p<0.001).Men were 33 times more likely to smoke tobacco than women. The chance of consuming smoked tobacco increased with the increase of age (adjusted OR (AOR) 9.08, 95% CI 5.08 to 16.22 among adults aged 40-49 years, p<0.001). The strength of association was the highest among primary educated individuals (AOR 5.35, 95% CI 3.35 to 8.54).Manual workers (AOR 2.73) and people from the poorest households (AOR 1.86) were the risk groups for smoking. However, place of residency and region were insignificantly associated with smoking in the Gambia.
conclusionsMen, older people, manual workers, individuals with lower education and lower wealth status were the vulnerable groups to tobacco smoking in the Gambia. Government should intensify awareness programmes on the harmful effects of smoking, and introduce proper cessation support services among tobacco smoking users prioritising these risk groups.
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