ArticlePLoS neglected tropical diseases2022
Risk factors for infection with chikungunya and Zika viruses in southern Puerto Rico: A community-based cross-sectional seroprevalence survey.
Article in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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14 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evaluation of Effectiveness of Autocidal Gravid Ovitraps for Preventing Zika Virus Infection, Puerto Rico, USA.Emerging infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Cost-effectiveness of chikungunya vaccination with the live attenuated vaccine in U.S. territories.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Arbovirus Prevalence and Vulnerability Assessment Through Entomological Surveillance in Ponce, Puerto Rico.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Incompatible Aedes aegypti male releases as an intervention to reduce mosquito population-A field trial in Puerto Rico.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Longitudinal analysis of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody durability in Puerto Rico.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Chikungunya Outbreak Risks after the 2014 Outbreak, Dominican Republic.Emerging infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Diagnostic Accuracy of the Abbott BinaxNOW COVID-19 Antigen Card Test, Puerto Rico.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2024Article
- Investigating SARS-CoV-2 Incidence and Morbidity in Ponce, Puerto Rico: Protocol and Baseline Results From a Community Cohort Study.JMIR research protocols · 2024Article
- Quantifying the relationship between arboviral infection prevalence and human mobility patterns among participants of the Communities Organized to Prevent Arboviruses cohort (COPA) in southern Puerto Rico.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Article
- Previous Dengue Infection among Children in Puerto Rico and Implications for Dengue Vaccine Implementation.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2023Article
- Seroprevalence of Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika at the epicenter of the congenital microcephaly epidemic in Northeast Brazil: A population-based survey.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Article
- Dengue vaccine acceptability before and after the availability of COVID-19 vaccines in Puerto Rico.Vaccine · 2023Article
- Community perceptions on challenges and solutions to implement an Aedes aegypti control project in Ponce, Puerto Rico (USA).PloS one · 2023Article
- Zika virus as an emerging arbovirus of international public health concern.Osong public health and research perspectives · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) caused a large outbreak in Puerto Rico in 2014, followed by a Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak in 2016. Communities Organized for the Prevention of Arboviruses (COPA) is a cohort study in southern Puerto Rico, initiated in 2018 to measure arboviral disease risk and provide a platform to evaluate interventions. To identify risk factors for infection, we assessed prevalence of previous CHIKV infection and recent ZIKV and DENV infection in a cross-sectional study among COPA participants. Participants aged 1-50 years (y) were recruited from randomly selected households in study clusters. Each participant completed an interview and provided a blood specimen, which was tested by anti-CHIKV IgG ELISA assay and anti-ZIKV and anti-DENV IgM MAC-ELISA assays. We assessed individual, household, and community factors associated with a positive result for CHIKV or ZIKV after adjusting for confounders. During 2018-2019, 4,090 participants were enrolled; 61% were female and median age was 28y (interquartile range [IQR]: 16-41). Among 4,035 participants tested for CHIKV, 1,268 (31.4%) had evidence of previous infection. CHIKV infection prevalence was lower among children 1-10 years old compared to people 11 and older (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.30; 95% CI 1.71-3.08). Lower CHIKV infection prevalence was associated with home screens (aOR 0.51; 95% CI 0.42-0.61) and air conditioning (aOR 0.64; 95% CI 0.54-0.77). CHIKV infection prevalence also varied by study cluster of residence and insurance type. Few participants (16; 0.4%) had evidence of recent DENV infection by IgM. Among 4,035 participants tested for ZIKV, 651 (16%) had evidence of recent infection. Infection prevalence increased with older age, from 7% among 1-10y olds up to 19% among 41-50y olds (aOR 3.23; 95% CI 2.16-4.84). Males had an increased risk of Zika infection prevalence compared with females (aOR 1.31; 95% CI 1.09-1.57). ZIKV infection prevalence also decreased with the presence of home screens (aOR 0.66; 95% CI 0.54-0.82) and air conditioning (aOR 0.69; 95% CI 0.57-0.84). Similar infection patterns were observed for recent ZIKV infection prevalence and previous CHIKV infection prevalence by age, and the presence of screens and air conditioners in the home decreased infection risk from both viruses by as much as 50%.
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