ReviewArchives of toxicology2022
Immunomodulation and exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: an overview of the current evidence from animal and human studies.
Review in Archives of toxicology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Childhood PFAS exposure and immunotoxicity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of human studies.Systematic reviews · 2024Pooled it
- PFAS:VDR interactions and immunotoxicity through disruption of monocyte differentiation.Archives of toxicology · 2026Article
- No clear evidence of PFAS-induced immunomodulation in SARS-CoV-2-specific human T cell responses following vaccination.Archives of toxicology · 2026Article
- In Utero Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Exposure and Changes in Infant T Helper Cell Development among UPSIDE-ECHO Cohort Participants.Environmental health perspectives · 2026Article
- Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and development of autoimmunity in humans and animals: a scoping review.Archives of toxicology · 2026Article
- Mechanistic insights into PFAS-induced effects on B lymphocyte activation and antibody secretion.Archives of toxicology · 2026Article
- Association between perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances and response to the COVID-19 vaccine in a paediatric prospective observational cohort in Arizona.BMJ paediatrics open · 2026Observational
- Developmental exposure to a PFAS mixture impairs the anamnestic response to influenza A virus infection in mice.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2026Article
- Distribution and Concentration of Airborne Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Indoor and Outdoor Environments: A Systematic Review.Safety and health at work · 2026Review
- Developmental exposure to a PFAS mixture impairs the anamnestic response to influenza A virus infection in mice.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Article
- In vitro approaches to investigate the effect of chemicals on antibody production: the case study of PFASs.Archives of toxicology · 2025Article
- Binary and quaternary mixtures of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) differentially affect the immune response to influenza A virus infection.Journal of immunotoxicology · 2024Article
- Fish consumption benefits and PFAS risks: Epidemiology and public health recommendations.Toxicology reports · 2024Review
- Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Risk of Psoriasis: A Population-Based Study.Toxics · 2024Article
- Monitoring of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human blood samples collected in three regions with known PFAS releases in the environment and three control regions in South Germany.Archives of toxicology · 2024Article
- Public Health Risks of PFAS-Related Immunotoxicity Are Real.Current environmental health reports · 2024Review
- Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and high-throughput proteomics in Hispanic youth.Environment international · 2024Article
- Immune response to COVID-19 vaccination in a population with a history of elevated exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) through drinking water.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2023Article
- Consideration of pathways for immunotoxicity of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS).Environmental health : a global access science source · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been widely used and represent a class of environmental persistent chemicals. An association of a reduction of vaccination efficacy with PFAS serum levels in humans was used by the European Food Safety Authority as a key effect for PFAS risk assessment. The data support for using this association is reviewed by a critical analysis of the respective human epidemiology and the available animal studies on the immunomodulation of PFAS. Based on an analysis of the available human epidemiology, the overall level of evidence regarding associations between PFAS serum levels and reduced antibody response remains weak. Absence of an association between an increase in clinical infections and PFAS serum levels and the limited understanding of the importance of antibody levels as an isolated data point further support this conclusion. Animal toxicity studies with PFAS focusing on immunomodulation also provide only limited support for immunomodulation as an important endpoint in PFAS toxicity. While immunomodulation is observed after PFAS administration, generally at blood concentrations several orders of magnitude above those seen in environmentally exposed humans, the relevance of these observation is hampered by the high doses required to influence immune endpoints, the limited number of endpoints assessed, and inconsistent results. The limitations of the current database on associations of human PFAS exposures outlined here indicate that more evidence is required to select immunomodulation as a critical endpoint for human PFAS risk assessment.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.