Evidence map›Paper›PMID 35694382›Full record

ArticlePeerJ2022

Online e-learning during the COVID-19 lockdown in Trinidad and Tobago: prevalence and associated factors with ocular complaints among schoolchildren aged 11-19 years.

Kingsley Ekemiri, Ngozika Ezinne, Khadeejah Kamalodeen, Keomi Pierre, Brandon Lalla, Onyekachukwu Amiebenomo, Diane van Staden, Ferial Zeried, Chioma Ekemiri, Kingsley E Agho and 1 more

Open access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in PeerJ, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
6citing papers in PubMed
4.0field-weighted citation impact, top 6% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

6 citing papers in PubMed, 18 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Prevalence of Dry Eye Symptoms and Associated Risk Factors among University Students in Poland.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023
    Article
  6. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors at 6 institutions in 6 countries.

Kingsley EkemiriDepartment of Optometry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Kwazulu-Natal, Kwazulu Natal, South Africa.
Ngozika EzinneDepartment of Optometry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Kwazulu-Natal, Kwazulu Natal, South Africa.
Khadeejah KamalodeenOptometry Unit, Department of Clinical Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies St. Augustine, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
Keomi PierreOptometry Unit, Department of Clinical Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies St. Augustine, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
Brandon LallaOptometry Unit, Department of Clinical Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies St. Augustine, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
Onyekachukwu AmiebenomoDepartment of Optometry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria.ORCID 0000-0001-6364-2877
Diane van StadenDepartment of Optometry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Kwazulu-Natal, Kwazulu Natal, South Africa.
Ferial ZeriedDepartment of Optometry & Vision Sciences College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Ar Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Chioma EkemiriDepartment of Health Promotion, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago.
Kingsley E AghoSchool of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia.
Uchechukwu Levi OsuagwuAfrican Vision Research Institute, Department of Optometry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Natal, Durban, Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
University of the West Indies · TTCamden and Campbelltown Hospitals · AUKing Saud University · SATranslational Research Institute · AUUniversity of Benin · NGUniversity of KwaZulu-Natal · ZA

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: The increase in online learning during the pandemic has been linked to various ocular complaints. This study determined the prevalence and factors associated with ocular complaints among schoolchildren aged 12-19 years during the COVID-19 lockdown in Trinidad and Tobago (T&T). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between January and May 2021, during the COVID-19 lockdown in T&T among secondary school students studying remotely. A two-stage cluster sampling method was employed. A modified web-based Computer Vision Syndrome questionnaire was administered to students. Data on demography, duration of digital device use, and ocular complaints were collected, and multilevel logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with ocular complaints among school children, 12-19 years of age in T&T. Results: A total of 435 schoolchildren (mean age, standard deviation, 15.2 ± 1.9 years range 12-19 years) responded to the questionnaire. The prevalence of self-reported symptoms of headache, blurred vision, dry eyes, itchy eyes, and double vision were 75.0%, 65.1%; 56.8%; 46.4%; and 33.5%, respectively. Schoolchildren aged 18-19 years, those that used spectacles for correction of their refractive errors, and spent more than 6 h on average on digital devices, reported a high prevalence of any ocular complaints. Analysis also revealed that age (14-15 years) was associated with dry eyes, blurred vision, and headaches, while gender (more prevalently females) was associated with blurred vision and headache. Those that had an eye examination in the last year and schoolchildren that took action to resolve ocular complaints were more likely to experience nearly all ocular complaints. Conclusions: During the COVID-19 lockdown, over three in four students in T&T reported ocular complaints from digital devices for online learning. Tailored interventional messages to reduce all forms of ocular complaints should target older students, particularly females, those who laid down when learning online

Indexed as

Computer-Assisted InstructionCOVID-19Education, DistanceAdolescentAdultChildCommunicable Disease ControlCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHeadacheHumansPrevalenceTrinidad and TobagoVision DisordersYoung AdultBlurred visionComputerCoronavirusDigital deviceDouble visionE-LearningEye healthHeadacheRefractive errorTrinidad

Identifiers

PMID35694382
PMCPMC9179615
OpenAlexW4281944345

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.