ArticleCell death discovery2022
The combination of hydroxychloroquine and 2-deoxyglucose enhances apoptosis in breast cancer cells by blocking protective autophagy and sustaining endoplasmic reticulum stress.
Article in Cell death discovery, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- CMLPS-N1: a novel preclinical cell line model for canine mammary tumor and its application in therapeutic screening.The veterinary quarterly · 2026Article
- Shared Major Metabolic Pathways and Potential Targeted Therapies in Malignancies and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Metabolic Vulnerabilities as a Therapeutic Target in Breast Cancer.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2026Review
- LRRC59 inhibits perk pathway‑induced apoptosis and promotes cell proliferation, migration and invasion in colorectal cancer cells.Oncology reports · 2026Article
- Endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated programmed cell death in the tumor microenvironment.Cell death discovery · 2025Review
- A Model of Breast Cancer Micrometastasis in a Three-Dimensional (3D) Liver Spheroid for Testing an Antimetastatic Therapy.Bio-protocol · 2025Article
- Synergistic Effects of 2-Deoxyglucose and Diclofenac Sodium on Breast Cancer Cells: A Comparative Evaluation of MDA-231 and MCF7 Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Impact of Benzo(a)pyrene and Pyrene Exposure on Activating Autophagy and Correlation with Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Human Astrocytes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Synergistic metabolic modulation of fibroblast-like synoviocytesActa pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2025Article
- Antimalarial compounds exhibit variant- and cell-type-specific activity against SARS-CoV-2 isolated in Panama.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Sodium New Houttuyfonate Induces Apoptosis of Breast Cancer Cells via ROS/PDK1/AKT/GSK3β Axis.Cancers · 2023Article
- The Role of Autophagy in Breast Cancer Metastasis.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Modulating Glycolysis to Improve Cancer Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- In vitro evaluation of dioscin and protodioscin against ER-positive and triple-negative breast cancer.PloS one · 2023Article
- Resveratrol in breast cancer treatment: from cellular effects to molecular mechanisms of action.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
2-Deoxyglucose (2-DG) can be used in antitumour research by inhibiting glycolysis and promoting the endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) pathway, but its clinical application is restricted due to dose-limiting side effects and survival chance for cancer cells by protective autophagy. Therefore, our research explored whether the combination of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), an FDA-approved autophagy inhibiting drug, and 2-DG is a promising therapeutic strategy. Here, we report that HCQ combined with 2-DG can further inhibit the viability and migration and induce apoptosis of breast tumour cells compared with other individual drugs. The combination of 2-DG and HCQ can significantly reduce transplanted tumour size and tumour cell metastasis of the lung and liver in vivo. At the cellular level, HCQ suppressed autolysosome formation and terminated the autophagy process induced by 2-DG-mediated ERS, resulting in the continuous accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum, which generated sustained ERS through the PERK-eIF2α-ATF-4-CHOP axis and triggered the transformation from a survival process to cell death. Our research reinforced the research interest of metabolic disruptors in triple-negative breast cancer and emphasized the potential of the combination of 2-DG and HCQ as an anticancerous treatment.
Identifiers
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.