ArticleJournal of optometry
Fixation disparity and refractive error among first-year optometry students.
Article in Journal of optometry. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 1 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of Working Distance on Wesson Card Fixation Disparity and Its Clinical Predictors in Symptomatic Patients.Clinical optometry · 2026Article
- Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeTo determine the fixation disparity and refractive error of first-year optometry students to ascertain any relationship between them and also identify any association between fixation disparity and visual symptoms at near.
methodIt was an analytical cross-sectional study involving 85 participants aged 17 to 27 years (18.60 ± 1.37), 41% of whom were males. Subjective refraction was done at 3 m and fixation disparity was measured with and without spectacle correction using the Wesson Fixation Disparity Card. All analysis was set within a 95% confidence interval with a p-value ≤ 0.05 considered statistically significant.
resultsRefractive error ranged from 0.25 SEQ (spherical equivalent) to 5.50 SEQ. Mean fixation disparity ranged from 2.9 ± 2.6 to 3.9 ± 2.8 min arc. There was no statistically significant correlation between refractive error and fixation disparity without correction (r = -0.180, p = 0.098) and with correction (r = 0.155, p = 0.157). For fixation disparity in the ortho and exo direction, mean fixation disparity with correction of participants who experienced headaches during or after reading (5.1 ± 2.6 min arc) was significantly higher (p = 0.032) than participants who did not (2.0 ± 2.6 min arc).
conclusionMyopia is common among first-year optometry students. Refractive error has no significant effect on fixation disparity. Headache is significantly associated with exo fixation disparity at near.
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