ArticleBMJ open2022
Impact of biological sex and gender-related factors on public engagement in protective health behaviours during the COVID-19 pandemic: cross-sectional analyses from a global survey.
Article in BMJ open, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- Predictors of COVID-19 vaccination status among youth in eThekwini, South Africa: results from the AYAZAZI RIGHTS study.Global health action · 2026Article
- A global assessment of the level of trust in information sources and adherence to COVID-19 related preventive health behaviors: cross-sectional survey study.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Low Back Pain Characteristics Among Health Science Undergraduates: A Prospective Study for 2-Year Follow Up.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Adoption of Covid-19 preventive behaviors in the community: Salvador and Rio de Janeiro.Revista de saude publica · 2026Article
- The Effects of Dynamic Stability Training with Inertial Load of Water on Dynamic Balance and Pain in Middle-Aged Women with Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2025Article
- Prevalence of lower back pain and its associations with lifestyle behaviors among university students in the West Bank, Palestine: a cross-sectional study.Annals of medicine · 2025Article
- Caregiver worry about COVID-19 as a predictor of social mitigation behaviours and SARS-CoV-2 infection in a 12-city U.S. surveillance study of households with children.Preventive medicine reports · 2025Article
- Global, regional, and national burden of low back pain in working-age population from 1990 to 2021 and projections for 2050.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Relationship Between Psychological Factors and Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- A comparison of the disease occurrence of cerebrovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, hypertensive diseases, and ischaemic heart diseases among hospitalized older adults in Thailand.Scientific reports · 2024Observational
- Influence parental- and child-related factors on the acceptance of SARS-CoV-2 test methods in schools and daycare facilities.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Gender-Related Factors Influence the Subjective Perception of Deformity in Patients Undergoing Surgery for Idiopathic Scoliosis.Journal of personalized medicine · 2023Article
- Gender-Related Issues in the Management of Low-Back Pain: A Current Concepts Review.Clinics and practice · 2023Review
- Protective behaviors during COVID-19 confinement measures in Greece: the role of anxiety, perceived risk and risky-choice framing.AIMS public health · 2023Article
- Knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) on COVID-19 among the general population in most affected districts of Nepal.PLOS global public health · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveGiven the role of sociocultural gender in shaping human behaviours, the main objective of this study was to examine whether sex and gender-related factors were associated with the public's adherence to COVID-19-recommended protective health behaviours.
designThis was a retrospective analysis of the survey that captured data on people's awareness, attitudes and behaviours as they relate to the COVID-19 policies.
settingData from the International COVID-19 Awareness and Responses Evaluation survey collected between March 2020 and February 2021 from 175 countries.
participantsConvenience sample around the world.
main outcome measuresWe examined the role of sex and gender-related factors in relation to non-adherence of protective health behaviours including: (1) hand washing; (2) mask wearing; and (3) physical distancing. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to determine the factors associated with non-adherence to behaviours.
resultsAmong 48 668 respondents (mean age: 43 years; 71% female), 98.3% adopted hand washing, 68.5% mask wearing and 76.9% physical distancing. Compared with males, females were more likely to adopt hand washing (OR=1.97, 95% CI: 1.71 to 2.28) and maintain physical distancing (OR=1.28, 95% CI: 1.22 to 1.34). However, in multivariable sex-stratified models, females in countries with higher Gender Inequality Indexes (GII) were less likely to report hand washing (adjusted OR (aOR)=0.47, 95% CI: 0.21 to 1.05). Females who reported being employed (aOR=0.22, 95% CI: 0.10 to 0.48) and in countries with low/medium GIIs (aOR=0.18, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.51) were less likely to report mask wearing. Females who reported being employed were less likely to report physical distancing (aOR=0.39, 95% CI: 0.32 to 0.49).
conclusionWhile females showed greater adherence to COVID-19 protective health behaviours, gender-related factors, including employment status and high country-wide gender inequality, were independently associated with non-adherence. These findings may inform public health and vaccination policies in current as well as future pandemics.
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