ArticleEuro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin2022
Impact of stringent non-pharmaceutical interventions applied during the second and third COVID-19 epidemic waves in Portugal, 9 November 2020 to 10 February 2021: an ecological study.
Article in Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effectiveness of social distancing measures and lockdowns for reducing transmission of COVID-19 in non-healthcare, community-based settings.Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Use of quasi-experimental studies to evaluate causal effects of public health interventions in Portugal: a scoping review.BMC medical research methodology · 2025Article
- Impact of non-pharmacological interventions on the first wave of COVID-19 in Portugal 2020.Heliyon · 2025Article
- Interrupted time series analysis to evaluate the impact of COVID-19-pandemic on the incidence of notifiable infectious diseases in the Lazio region, Italy.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Efficiency evaluation on case finding strategy for COVID-19 outbreak control under China's "dynamic zero-case policy": a retrospective field epidemiology study.Frontiers in public health · 2025Observational
- Short, stringent lockdowns halted SARS-CoV-2 transmissions in Danish municipalities.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Is a tiered restrictions system an effective intervention for COVID-19 control? Results from Portugal, November-December 2020.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Effects of COVID-19-targeted non-pharmaceutical interventions on pediatric hospital admissions in North Italian hospitals, 2017 to 2022: a quasi-experimental study interrupted time-series analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Understanding spatiotemporal patterns of COVID-19 incidence in Portugal: A functional data analysis from August 2020 to March 2022.PloS one · 2024Article
- Social contact patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic in 21 European countries - evidence from a two-year study.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BackgroundNon-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) were implemented worldwide to control the spread of SARS-CoV-2.AimTo evaluate the impact of tiered NPIs and a nationwide lockdown on reduction of COVID-19 incidence during the second and third epidemic waves in Portugal.MethodsSurveillance data on laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases were used to conduct an interrupted time series analysis to estimate changes in daily incidence during a second wave tiered NPI period (9 November-18 December 2020), and a third wave lockdown period without (15-21 January 2021) and with school closure (22 January-10 February 2021).ResultsSignificant changes in trends were observed for the overall incidence rate; declining trends were observed for tiered NPIs (-1.9% per day; incidence rate ratio (IRR): 0.981; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.973-0.989) and a lockdown period without (-3.4% per day; IRR: 0.966; 95% CI: 0.935-0.998) and with school closure (-10.3% per day, IRR: 0.897; 95% CI: 0.846-0.951). Absolute effects associated with tiered NPIs and a lockdown on a subsequent 14-day period yielded 137 cases and 437 cases per 100,000 population potentially averted, respectively.ConclusionOur results indicate that tiered NPIs implemented during the second wave caused a decline in COVID-19 incidence, although modest. Moreover, a third wave lockdown without school closure was effective in reducing COVID-19 incidence, but the addition of school closure provided the strongest effect. These findings emphasise the importance of early and assertive decision-making to control the pandemic.
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