ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2023
Incidence, Attributable Mortality, and Healthcare and Out-of-Pocket Costs of Clostridioides difficile Infection in US Medicare Advantage Enrollees.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Epidemiologic profile of community-acquiredEpidemiology and infection · 2025Pooled it
- CLOVER (CLOstridium difficile Vaccine Efficacy tRial) Study: A Phase 3, Randomized Trial Investigating the Efficacy and Safety of a Detoxified Toxin A/B Vaccine in Adults 50 Years and Older at Increased Risk of Clostridioides difficile Infection.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2024Trial
- Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors ofJournal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- The interplay between host immunity andmBio · 2025Review
- Budget Impact Analysis of Fecal Microbiota Spores, Live-brpk (Formerly SER-109) for Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Infection in the United States.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2025Article
- Clinician Management Preferences forOpen forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Increase inMicroorganisms · 2025Article
- Review
- Allele-linked divergence in SlpA and TcdB drives distinct immune and cytotoxic responses that distinguish ST01 from non-ST01 strains in Clade 2 Clostridioides difficile.Access microbiology · 2025Article
- Gut Microbiota and New Microbiome-Targeted Drugs forAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- A Retrospective Assessment of Guideline Adherence and Treatment Outcomes FromOpen forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Clostridioides difficile infection, recurrence and the associated healthcare consumption in Sweden between 2006 and 2019: a population-based cohort study.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- In Support of Universal Admission Testing for SARS-CoV-2 During Significant Community Transmission.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2024Article
- Incidence, healthcare and out-of-pocket costs, and mortality ofAntimicrobial stewardship & healthcare epidemiology : ASHE · 2024Article
- Environmental approaches to controlling Clostridioides difficile infection in healthcare settings.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2023Review
- Healthcare Costs ofOpen forum infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Article
- The burden of CDI in the United States: a multifactorial challenge.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Review
- Trends in admissions and outcomes of hospitalizations related toAnnals of gastroenterologyArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundUS attributable Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) mortality and cost data are primarily from Medicare fee-for-service populations, and little is known about Medicare Advantage Enrollees (MAEs). This study evaluated CDI incidence among MAEs from 2012 to 2019 and determined attributable mortality and costs by comparing MAEs with and without CDI occurring in 2018.
methodsThis retrospective cohort study assessed CDI incidence and associated mortality and costs for eligible MAEs ≥65 years of age using the de-identified Optum Clinformatics Data Mart database (Optum; Eden Prairie, Minnesota, USA). Outcomes included mortality, healthcare utilization, and costs, which were assessed via a propensity score-matched cohort using 2018 as the index year. Outcome analyses were stratified by infection acquisition and hospitalization status.
resultsFrom 2012 to 2019, overall annual CDI incidence declined from 609 to 442 per 100 000 person-years. Although the incidence of healthcare-associated CDI declined overall (2012, 53.2%; 2019, 47.2%), community-associated CDI increased (2012, 46.8%; 2019, 52.8%). The 1-year attributable mortality was 7.9% (CDI cases, 26.3%; non-CDI controls, 18.4%). At the 2-month follow-up, CDI-associated excess mean total healthcare and out-of-pocket costs were $13 476 and $396, respectively. Total excess mean healthcare costs were greater among hospitalized (healthcare-associated, $28 762; community-associated, $28 330) than nonhospitalized CDI patients ($5704 and $2320, respectively), whereas total excess mean out-of-pocket cost was highest among community-associated hospitalized CDI patients ($970).
conclusionsCDI represents an important public health burden in the MAE population. Preventive strategies and treatments are needed to improve outcomes and reduce costs for healthcare systems and this growing population of older US adults.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.