ArticleOne health (Amsterdam, Netherlands)2022
Gross pathology of high pathogenicity avian influenza virus H5N1 2021-2022 epizootic in naturally infected birds in the United Kingdom.
Article in One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
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18 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comprehensive pathological, immunohistochemical, and apoptotic analysis of the highly pathogenic avian influenza a virus H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b in poultry in Taiwan.Poultry science · 2026Article
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- An overview of HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b and its emerging threat in mainland Australia: Identified knowledge gaps.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2026Review
- Advances in Avian Diagnostic Pathology: Current Trends, Challenges and Future Directions: A Review.Veterinary medicine and science · 2026Review
- Avian Influenza Viruses: Global Panzootic, Host Range Expansion and Emerging One-Health Threats.Veterinary sciences · 2026Review
- Natural infections of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 in wild birds between 2020 and 2023 in the UK: a retrospective study with focus on microscopic lesions, viral distribution and neurotropism.Veterinary research · 2025Article
- Development of DNA and mRNA-LNP vaccines against an H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b influenza virus.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- ExploringVeterinary sciences · 2025Article
- Article
- Emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses H5N1 and H5N5 in white-tailed eagles, 2021-2023.The Journal of general virology · 2024Article
- The Alarming Situation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses in 2019-2023.Global medical genetics · 2024Review
- Pathological and phylogenetic characteristics of fowl AOAV-1 and H5 isolated from naturally infected Meleagris Gallopavo.BMC veterinary research · 2024Article
- Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5 Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus Infection in Birds and Mammals.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Review
- Pathological investigation of high pathogenicity avian influenza H5N8 in captive houbara bustards (Chlamydotis undulata), the United Arab Emirates 2020.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Pilot of asymptomatic swabbing of humans following exposures to confirmed avian influenza A(H5) in avian species in England, 2021/2022.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2023Article
- Mass Mortality Caused by Highly Pathogenic Influenza A(H5N1) Virus in Sandwich Terns, the Netherlands, 2022.Emerging infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Iceland as Stepping Stone for Spread of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus between Europe and North America.Emerging infectious diseases · 2022Review
- Avian influenza overview June - September 2022.EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
High pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) clade 2.3.4.4b has re-emerged in the United Kingdom in 2021-2022 winter season, with over 90 cases of HPAIV detected among poultry and captive birds in England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Globally, HPAIV H5N1 has also had a wide geographical dispersion, causing outbreaks in Europe, North America, Asia, and Africa, impacting on socioeconomic and wildlife conservation. It is important to raise awareness of the gross pathological features of HPAIV and subsequently aid disease investigation through definition of pathological indicators following natural infection. In this study, we report on the gross pathology of HPAI H5N1 in poultry species (chicken, turkey, pheasant, guineafowl, duck, goose), and captive or wild birds (mute swan, tufted duck, jackdaw, peahen, white-tailed eagle) that tested positive between October 2021 and February 2022. Pancreatic and splenic necrosis were the common pathological findings in both Galliformes and Anseriformes. In addition to the more severe lesions documented in Galliformes, we also noted increased detection of pathological changes in a broader range of Anseriformes particularly in domestic ducks, in contrast to those reported in previous seasons with other H5Nx HPAIV subtypes. A continual effort to characterise the pathological impact of the disease is necessary to update on the presentation of HPAIV for both domestic/captive and wild birds whilst guiding early presumptive diagnosis.
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