ArticleJournal of ophthalmology2022
Association of Axial Length and Refraction with Near Horizontal Heterophoria in Chinese Children: An Observational Cross-Sectional Study.
Article in Journal of ophthalmology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 5 citations in OpenAlex.
- Atropine-Loaded Contact Lens Sustained-Release Systems: A Narrative Review for the New Frontier for Myopia Management.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2026Review
- Scoping Review of the Role of Accommodation and Binocular Coordination in Myopia Onset and Progression.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2025Review
- Relationship between myopia severity, near exophoria, vergence, and accommodation amplitude in children.Saudi journal of ophthalmology : official journal of the Saudi Ophthalmological SocietyArticle
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate the association of near heterophoria with refraction and axial length (AL) in Chinese school children. Methods: This school-based cross-sectional study included 15,081 Chinese primary school children (grades 1-6) examined during 2017. Near heterophoria was measured at 33 cm using the Maddox rod and prism test. Noncycloplegic refraction and AL were also measured. A generalized additive model with a Gaussian link was used to determine the association of near heterophoria with refraction and AL. Analyses were adjusted for age to account for differences in the age distribution of the sample. Results: Overall, data were analyzed for 11,013 students ranging in age from 6 to 13 years. The most common type of near heterophoria was exophoria (64.96%), the proportion and value of which increased according to grade. Exophoria accounted for 62.53% (2,328/3,723), 65.03% (2,501/3,846), and 67.51% (2,325/3,444) of near heterophoria cases for grades 1-2, grades 3-4, and grades 5-6, respectively. Prism diopter (PD) values for near heterophoria in these grades were -6.30 ± 3.69, -6.81 ± 4.01, and -8.32 ± 5.12 PD, respectively. The average spherical equivalent (SE) in children with orthophoria was 0.23 D and 0.25 D lower than those in children with exophoria and esophoria, respectively ( Conclusions: Exophoria represents the most common type of near heterophoria in children. Children with more severe near heterophoria, whether exophoria or esophoria, exhibited a higher degree of myopia and longer AL than those with relatively less severe near heterophoria. These results highlight the need for further, long-term investigation regarding the role of near heterophoria in visual development.
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