ReviewInternational journal of environmental research and public health2022
Impact of Backpacks on Ergonomics: Biomechanical and Physiological Effects: A Narrative Review.
Review in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed.
- Stance and Gait Analysis of Apollo Astronauts on the Moon.Muscle & nerve · 2026Article
- Backpack Load Carriage Affects Motor and Sensory Responses of the Median Nerve.Military medicine · 2026Article
- Biomechanical and physiological effects of a passive upper-body exoskeleton during stair ascent and descent.PloS one · 2026Article
- Energy Expenditure of Special Forces Soldiers in Relation to Equipment Load and Movement Speed.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Walking Speed Modulates Neck-Shoulder Strain During Smartphone Use with Backpack Load.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- School Bag Design and Weight: A Narrative Review of Their Impact on Children's Posture and Musculoskeletal Health.Cureus · 2025Review
- Gender-specific biomechanical effects of smartphone use with backpack load during standing and walking.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Effect of luggage type on gait parameters using in-shoe motion sensors.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The Influence of School Backpack Load on Dynamic Gait Parameters in 7-Year-Old Boys and Girls.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Effect of Vest Load Carriage on Cardiometabolic Responses with Load Position, Load Mass, and Walking Conditions for Young Adults.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Biomechanical and physiological effects of an upper-body exoskeleton during simulated load-carrying on an inclined surface.PloS one · 2025Article
- Risk Factors Involved in Postural Disorders in Children and Adolescents.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Analytical parameters to check association between load carriage system and bag packs-influenced musculoskeletal complications among school going students: a scoping review.Physical activity and nutrition · 2023Article
- Relationship between backpack load location, sex, anthropometric and body composition factors with postural sway in healthy young adults.The Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
(1) Background: the effects of load carriage packs on human gait biomechanics, physiology and metabolism depend on the weight carried, the design of the pack and its interaction with the user. (2) Methods: An extensive search in the PubMed database was performed to find all the relevant articles using the following keywords: backpack, rucksack, backpack ergonomy and sports backpack; 60 articles were included. (3) Results and significance: Double pack (DP) and T-pack (TP) designs are recommended solutions for school children, compared with backpacks (BP). For soldiers and hikers, a backpack remains the best compromise. A hip belt is recommended for BPs as well as for the back of DPs. Shorter and stiffer shoulder straps combined with a higher and tighter load placement on the back provide the best combination in terms of balance, muscle activation and energy expenditure. It is, therefore, possible to determine guidelines for designing the optimal load carriage system, depending on the application. (4) Conclusions: based on the available evidence, DP and TP are advantageous in terms of posture. DP is better than conventional BPs in terms of balance and muscle activation, but has the disadvantage of limited visibility, thermal sensation and obstructed ventilation. In general, it is desirable not to exceed 40% of body mass (BM).
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.