Evidence map›Paper›PMID 35681831›Full record

ArticleAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI2022

Gender and Age Effects on Public Attitudes to, and Knowledge of, Animal Welfare in China.

Francesca Carnovale, Jin Xiao, Binlin Shi, David Arney, Kris Descovich, Clive J C Phillips

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
11citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

11 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Developments in Chinese Attitudes to Animal Welfare.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025
    Review
  6. Public perception of animal welfare in Iran.Animal welfare (South Mimms, England) · 2025
    Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Francesca CarnovaleCollege of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Zhaowuda Road 306, Hohhot 010018, China.ORCID 0000-0001-7412-3415
Jin XiaoCollege of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Zhaowuda Road 306, Hohhot 010018, China.
Binlin ShiCollege of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Zhaowuda Road 306, Hohhot 010018, China.
David ArneyChair of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014 Tartu, Estonia.ORCID 0000-0002-0913-6006
Kris DescovichSchool of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia.ORCID 0000-0001-5149-001X
Clive J C PhillipsChair of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014 Tartu, Estonia.ORCID 0000-0002-1926-6357

Funding

Animal Welfare Standards Project by Good Ventures Foundation KD00220
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

A person's gender and age can influence their attitudes towards animal welfare, with more benign attitudes generally ascribed to women. Given that attitudes influence consumer behaviour and the rapid recent social development in China (globally the biggest livestock producer), we surveyed over 1300 individuals across China to elucidate the role of gender and age in determining attitudes towards animals. Respondents self-identified their gender as male, female, other or not revealed. There were interactions between age and gender for many of the survey items, demonstrating that the effects of gender were dependent on the respondents' age. Women aged 18-24 reported more benign attitudes towards animals than older men (aged between 25 and 54 years, depending on the survey question) and more empathetic responses were found in young respondents generally, although this did not necessarily translate into a willingness to pay more for higher-welfare animal products. We propose, drawing on Social Identity Theory, that women see animals as part of their social group, whereas men tend not to do this. Those responding as neither male nor female, i.e., as another gender, and those not revealing their gender appeared to have different relationships to animals than those responding as men or women. It is concluded that within Chinese culture, attitudes towards animals and their welfare are complex and influenced by an interaction between gender and age.

Indexed as

animalsanimal welfareattitudesChinagenderknowledgelivestockmanagement

Identifiers

PMID35681831
PMCPMC9179387

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.