ReviewCirculation research2022
Illuminating the Mechanisms Underlying Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Disease.
Review in Circulation research, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 76 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
76 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 114 citations in OpenAlex.
- Post-PCI outcomes in women with acute coronary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of risk factors.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2026Pooled it
- Population attributable fractions of a wide range of peripheral diseases for the burden of dementia.Nature human behaviour · 2026Pooled it
- Sex Differences and Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Disease.Physiology (Bethesda, Md.) · 2026Review
- Chronic exposure to artificial light at night dampens rhythms in locomotor activity, metabolism, and sleep in female mice.Physiology & behavior · 2026Article
- Redesigning cardiovascular medicine around sex differences.Nature medicine · 2026Review
- Unveiling sex dimorphism in the healthy cardiac anatomy: Fundamental differences between male and female heart shapes.The Journal of physiology · 2026Article
- Sex differences in cardiac recovery and ventricular gene expression in a rat model of donation after circulatory death.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- In vivo assessment of the recovery of myocardial pyruvate dehydrogenase activity following a ketogenic diet.Cardiovascular research · 2026Article
- Sex-Related Differences in Myocardial Deformation and Systolic Function in Healthy Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Global Longitudinal Strain and Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Article
- Sex-Based Differences in Disease Burden and Phenotype in CADASIL: A Multicenter Study of 368 Korean Patients.Neurology. Genetics · 2026Article
- The association between physical activity and cardiovascular disease under indoor air pollution among middle-aged-to-elderly people: a sex-specific analysis from CHARLS.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Add-Ons of Heart Disease from the Cardiosurgical Perspective: Gender, Blood Groups and Renal Function.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Exploring sex bias in cardiometabolic diseases.Lipids in health and disease · 2026Review
- Integrated chromatin and transcriptomic profiling reveals sex-specific mechanisms of gene regulation in hepatic nutrient responses.PLoS biology · 2026Article
- Evaluation of trajectory analysis for disease risk assessment: a scoping review.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA · 2026Article
- IL-6 and lL-17 as potential biomarkers for premature coronary artery disease: a cross-sectional study.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2026Article
- Sex-specific associations between physical activity and cardiovascular disease under air pollution among the middle-aged and elderly population: A nationwide cross-sectional study in China.The journal of nutrition, health & aging · 2026Article
- A guide to cell-type-specific Cre mouse models in atherosclerosis: from background strains to future directions.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Review
- Epigenetic regulation of cardiac physiology and pathophysiology: biological sex matters.The journal of cardiovascular aging · 2026Article
16 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Sex is a key risk factor for many types of cardiovascular disease. It is imperative to understand the mechanisms underlying sex differences to devise optimal preventive and therapeutic approaches for all individuals. Both biological sex (determined by sex chromosomes and gonadal hormones) and gender (social and cultural behaviors associated with femininity or masculinity) influence differences between men and women in disease susceptibility and pathology. Here, we focus on the application of experimental mouse models that elucidate the influence of 2 components of biological sex-sex chromosome complement (XX or XY) and gonad type (ovaries or testes). These models have revealed that in addition to well-known effects of gonadal hormones, sex chromosome complement influences cardiovascular risk factors, such as plasma cholesterol levels and adiposity, as well as the development of atherosclerosis and pulmonary hypertension. One mechanism by which sex chromosome dosage influences cardiometabolic traits is through sex-biased expression of X chromosome genes that escape X inactivation. These include chromatin-modifying enzymes that regulate gene expression throughout the genome. The identification of factors that determine sex-biased gene expression and cardiometabolic traits will expand our mechanistic understanding of cardiovascular disease processes and provide insight into sex differences that remain throughout the lifespan as gonadal hormone levels alter with age.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.