ArticleScientific reports2022
Estrogen hormone is an essential sex factor inhibiting inflammation and immune response in COVID-19.
Article in Scientific reports, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- The impact of estrogen status on the gut microbiome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Pooled it
- Endocrine therapy and COVID-19 outcomes in women with breast cancer: a nationwide register- based matched cohort study.BMC cancer · 2026Article
- Integrated Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Host Response Mechanisms to Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection in Pigs.Veterinary sciences · 2026Article
- Emerging and underrecognized viral triggers of autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic disease flares.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2026Review
- Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with distinct post-treatment metabolic profiles in pulmonary tuberculosis.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Inflammatory marker dynamics in shift work sleep disorder: a data-driven approach among rotating shift workers.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
- Genes Encoding Heat Shock Proteins Are Associated with Risk and Clinical Course of Severe COVID-19: A Pilot Study.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Identification and validation of key target genes of penning formula for treating rat chronic endometritis model.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Sex Differences in Immune Responses to Infectious Diseases: The Role of Genetics, Hormones, and Aging.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Longitudinal analysis of cytokine dynamics in severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome patients - High-incidence regions of China (2010-2023).Biosafety and health · 2025Article
- Integrated network pharmacology, molecular docking, and animal experiments to reveal the potential mechanism of hesperetin on COPD.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Epigenetic remodeling by sex hormone receptors and implications for gender affirming hormone therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Effect of Pituitary-Target Gland Axis on RAAS in the Context of COVID-19.International journal of medical sciences · 2025Review
- Interplay between endogenous hormones and immune systems in human metapneumovirus pathogenesis and management.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- Article
- A Prospective Study of the Relationship of COVID-19 Vaccination to Menstrual Cycle Characteristics in Adolescent Girls.The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine · 2024Article
- Aromatase, testosterone, TMPRSS2: determinants of COVID-19 severity.Biology of sex differences · 2024Article
- Clinical Characteristics and Patterns of Immune Responses in COVID-19 Patients From a Rural Community Hospital.Cureus · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Although vaccines have been evaluated and approved for SARS-CoV-2 infection prevention, there remains a lack of effective treatments to reduce the mortality of COVID-19 patients already infected with SARS-CoV-2. The global data on COVID-19 showed that men have a higher mortality rate than women. We further observed that the proportion of mortality of females increases starting from around the age of 55 significantly. Thus, sex is an essential factor associated with COVID-19 mortality, and sex related genetic factors could be interesting mechanisms and targets for COVID-19 treatment. However, the associated sex factors and signaling pathways remain unclear. Here, we propose to uncover the potential sex associated factors using systematic and integrative network analysis. The unique results indicated that estrogens, e.g., estrone and estriol, (1) interacting with ESR1/2 receptors, (2) can inhibit SARS-CoV-2 caused inflammation and immune response signaling in host cells; and (3) estrogens are associated with the distinct fatality rates between male and female COVID-19 patients. Specifically, a high level of estradiol protects young female COVID-19 patients, and estrogens drop to an extremely low level in females after about 55 years of age causing the increased fatality rate of women. In conclusion, estrogen, interacting with ESR1/2 receptors, is an essential sex factor that protects COVID-19 patients from death by inhibiting inflammation and immune response caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Moreover, medications boosting the down-stream signaling of ESR1/ESR2, or inhibiting the inflammation and immune-associated targets on the signaling network can be potentially effective or synergistic combined with other existing drugs for COVID-19 treatment.
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