ArticlePloS one2022
Validity and reliability of the Patient Health Questionnaire scale (PHQ-9) among university students of Bangladesh.
Article in PloS one, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers.
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Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed.
- Health-related quality of life and associated factors in people with Type 2 diabetes mellitus in Nepal: Baseline findings from a cluster-randomized controlled trial.Journal of health psychology · 2026Trial
- Mental health profiles and resilience among medical students in an active conflict zone: a cluster analysis.Medical education online · 2026Article
- From caffeine use motives to sleep disturbance: network and structural equation modeling of caffeine use disorder and depression among caffeine consumers.Addictive behaviors reports · 2026Article
- Mental Health Challenges and Their Association With Financial Priority and Nutrition Among University Students in Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Cultural adaptation, validity and reliability of the Marathi language version of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 to screen depression in rural Maharashtra, India.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2026Article
- Validation of the Japanese version of the death and dying distress scale.BioPsychoSocial medicine · 2026Article
- Exploring the link between women's empowerment, depression, and anxiety in Bangladesh: evidence from a nationally representative cross-sectional study.Journal of global health · 2026Article
- Stress, Health Behaviors, and Blood Pressure in College Students.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Disclosing depressive symptoms: perceived sensitivity of PHQ-9 items in a general population sample.BMC psychology · 2026Article
- Association between religiosity and anxiety and depression among university students: a cross-sectional study.BMC psychology · 2026Article
- Longitudinal formative assessment reforms in manual therapy education: impacts on psychological wellbeing and course satisfaction.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Structural equation modeling of associated factors and regional variations in major depressive disorders and generalized anxiety disorders among reproductive-age Bangladeshi women: a nationally representative study.Annals of general psychiatry · 2025Article
- Prevalence, associated factors, and machine learning-based prediction of probable depression among individuals with chronic diseases in Bangladesh.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Salience and tolerance are not indicators of problematic social media use: Evidence from the Social Media Disorder Scale and the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale.Journal of behavioral addictions · 2025Article
- Exploring suicidal thoughts among prospective university students: a study with applications of machine learning and GIS techniques.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Household-related stress, intimate partner violence and mental health: exploring the syndemic in urban slum women in Bangladesh during Covid-19 pandemic.International journal for equity in health · 2025Article
- Charting the course of depression care: a meta-analysis of reliability generalization of the patient health questionnaire (PHQ- 9) as the measure.Discover mental health · 2025Article
- Psychometric validation of the Bangla Digital Addiction Scale for Teenagers and its associated factors among adolescents: MeLiSA study.BJPsych open · 2025Article
- Lifetime and past-year suicidal behaviors among adolescents in Bangladesh: A two-stage stratified cluster sampling study.Global mental health (Cambridge, England) · 2025Article
- Depressive symptomatology in Brazil: perspectives of statistical and psychometrics analyses of the PHQ-9 at four time-points (2020-2023) in the COVID-19 pandemic.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
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Abstract
This study investigated the reliability and factorial validity of Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) in the context of university students in Bangladesh. The research aimed to assess whether the original one-dimensional model or a model containing both somatic and cognitive-emotional factors is appropriate in the case of a sample of university students. A repeated cross-sectional survey design based on convenience sampling was used to collect data from 677 university students from both public and private universities. The factor structure of the PHQ-9 was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Measurement invariances were assessed across gender, type of university, level of education and victim of domestic violence. Its convergent validity was determined by investigating its correlations with Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety-Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS). Results showed excellent reliability of PHQ-9 as measured by both Cronbach's α and McDonald's ω. CFA suggested that a modified one-factor model where the error variances between item-3 ('sleeping difficulties') and item-6 ('feeling as a failure'), item-6 and item-9 ('suicidal thoughts'), item-4 ('feeling tired') and item-9, item-3 and item-9 were allowed to covary is appropriate for the sample. This model provided high values of comparative fit index (CFI), goodness of fit index (GFI), and Tucker Lewis Index (TLI), low value of standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) and a non-significant root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) as well as a high Factor Determinacy Score Coefficient. Correlation between PHQ-9 and GAD-7 was 0.751 and 0.934 between PHQ-9 and PHQ-ADS. Finally, the model is strictly invariant across gender and university type. Overall, the study provided support for modified unidimensional structure for PHQ-9 and showed high internal consistency along with good convergent validity.
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